mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Neeko: Leveraging Dynamic LoRA for Efficient Multi-Character Role-Playing Agent

arXiv 2402.13717 ↗First posted 21 Feb 2024cs.CLcited by 52

On the map: LLM agents and tool use → Social simulation and multi-agent debate

Abstract (arXiv)

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized open-domain dialogue agents but encounter challenges in multi-character role-playing (MCRP) scenarios. To address the issue, we present Neeko, an innovative framework designed for efficient multiple characters imitation. Unlike existing methods, Neeko employs a dynamic low-rank adapter (LoRA) strategy, enabling it to adapt seamlessly to diverse characters. Our framework breaks down the role-playing process into agent pre-training, multiple characters playing, and character incremental learning, effectively handling both seen and unseen roles. This dynamic approach, coupled with distinct LoRA blocks for each character, enhances Neeko's adaptability to unique attributes, personalities, and speaking patterns. As a result, Neeko demonstrates superior performance in MCRP over most existing methods, offering more engaging and versatile user interaction experiences. Code and data are available at https://github.com/weiyifan1023/Neeko.

Key facts. Cited by 52 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Social simulation and multi-agent debate, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 17 of its 32 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 21 Feb 2024.

Builds on

17 of 32 references.

Closest ancestors · 2

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2024CharacterEval: A Chinese Benchmark for Role-Playing Conversational Agent Evaluation2 Jan
  2. 2023Character-LLM: A Trainable Agent for Role-Playing16 Oct

Other references · 15

  1. 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,380
  2. 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 13,028
  3. 2020Transformer Feed-Forward Layers Are Key-Value Memoriescited by 1,336
  4. 2020Intrinsic Dimensionality Explains the Effectiveness of Language Model Fine-Tuningcited by 671
  5. 2023LoraHub: Efficient Cross-Task Generalization via Dynamic LoRA Compositioncited by 364
  6. 2013Learning Factored Representations in a Deep Mixture of Expertscited by 278
  7. 2022DyLoRA: Parameter Efficient Tuning of Pre-trained Models using Dynamic Search-Free Low-Rank Adaptationcited by 233
  8. 2023When MOE Meets LLMs: Parameter Efficient Fine-tuning for Multi-task Medical Applicationscited by 111
  9. 2023MELO: Enhancing Model Editing with Neuron-Indexed Dynamic LoRAcited by 80
  10. 2023Lifelong Language Pretraining with Distribution-Specialized Expertscited by 66
  11. 2016AdaNet: Adaptive Structural Learning of Artificial Neural Networkscited by 54
  12. 2022Meet Your Favorite Character: Open-domain Chatbot Mimicking Fictional Characters with only a Few Utterancescited by 32
3 more
  1. 2023Assessing Knowledge Editing in Language Models via Relation Perspectivecited by 15
  2. 2021Unsupervised Enrichment of Persona-grounded Dialog with Background Storiescited by 14
  3. 2021Telling Stories through Multi-User Dialogue by Modeling Character Relationscited by 13

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 15; 2025: 22; 2026: 15.

52 papers.

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  1. 2024From Persona to Personalization: A Survey on Role-Playing Language Agentscited by 212
  2. 2024PersonaGym: Evaluating Persona Agents and LLMscited by 97
  3. 2024From Individual to Society: A Survey on Social Simulation Driven by Large Language Model-based Agentscited by 82
  4. 2024A Survey on LLM-based Multi-Agent System: Recent Advances and New Frontiers in Applicationcited by 55
  5. 2024The Oscars of AI Theater: A Survey on Role-Playing with Language Modelscited by 48
  6. 2024Personality Alignment of Large Language Modelscited by 36
  7. 2025A Survey of Personalization: From RAG to Agentcited by 27
  8. 2024LoRATK: LoRA Once, Backdoor Everywhere in the Share-and-Play Ecosystemcited by 24
  9. 2025How Far are LLMs from Being Our Digital Twins? A Benchmark for Persona-Based Behavior Chain Simulationcited by 22
  10. 2025Beware of Your Po! Measuring and Mitigating AI Safety Risks in Role-Play Fine-Tuning of LLMscited by 22
  11. 2025EduPlanner: LLM-Based Multi-Agent Systems for Customized and Intelligent Instructional Designcited by 18
  12. 2024Quantifying and Optimizing Global Faithfulness in Persona-driven Role-playingcited by 17
38 more
  1. 2024Capturing Minds, Not Just Words: Enhancing Role-Playing Language Models with Personality-Indicative Datacited by 17
  2. 2025Thinking in Character: Advancing Role-Playing Agents with Role-Aware Reasoningcited by 14
  3. 2025Persistent Personas? Role-Playing, Instruction Following, and Safety in Extended Interactionscited by 12
  4. 2025MEraser: An Effective Fingerprint Erasure Approach for Large Language Modelscited by 11
  5. 2026LRAgent: Efficient KV Cache Sharing for Multi-LoRA LLM Agentscited by 10
  6. 2024Does Knowledge Localization Hold True? Surprising Differences Between Entity and Relation Perspectives in Language Modelscited by 9
  7. 2024Revealing and Mitigating the Challenge of Detecting Character Knowledge Errors in LLM Role-Playingcited by 9
  8. 2025PersonaEval: Are LLM Evaluators Human Enough to Judge Role-Play?cited by 9
  9. 2025Efficient Multi-Adapter LLM Serving via Cross-Model KV-Cache Reuse with Activated LoRAcited by 8
  10. 2025The Rise of Darkness: Safety-Utility Trade-Offs in Role-Playing Dialogue Agentscited by 7
  11. 2025HyCoRA: Hyper-Contrastive Role-Adaptive Learning for Role-Playingcited by 7
  12. 2025AI Agent Behavioral Sciencecited by 6
  13. 2025textttBluePrint: A Social Media User Dataset for LLM Persona Evaluation and Trainingcited by 6
  14. 2024Thinking Before Speaking: A Role-playing Model with Mindsetcited by 5
  15. 2024ERABAL: Enhancing Role-Playing Agents through Boundary-Aware Learningcited by 5
  16. 2024SHARP: Unlocking Interactive Hallucination via Stance Transfer in Role-Playing LLMscited by 5
  17. 2026Character-R1: Enhancing Role-Aware Reasoning in Role-Playing Agents via RLVRcited by 5
  18. 2026Memory-Driven Role-Playing: Evaluation and Enhancement of Persona Knowledge Utilization in LLMscited by 5
  19. 2025When Harry Meets Superman: The Role of The Interlocutor in Persona-Based Dialogue Generationcited by 4
  20. 2025CAMS: A CityGPT-Powered Agentic Framework for Urban Human Mobility Simulationcited by 4
  21. 2025Scaling Personality Control in LLMs with Big Five Scaler Promptscited by 4
  22. 2025Causal-Guided Detoxify Backdoor Attack of Open-Weight LoRA Modelscited by 3
  23. 2025Plug-and-Play Dramaturge: A Divide-and-Conquer Approach for Iterative Narrative Script Refinement via Collaborative LLM Agentscited by 2
  24. 2025MoRAgent: Parameter Efficient Agent Tuning with Mixture-of-Rolescited by 2
  25. 2026ScaleSim: Serving Large-Scale Multi-Agent Simulation with Invocation Distance-Based Memory Managementcited by 2
  26. 2026Enhancing Persona Following at Decoding Time via Dynamic Importance Estimation for Role-Playing Agentscited by 2
  27. 2026ForkKV: Scaling Multi-LoRA Agent Serving via Copy-on-Write Disaggregated KV Cachecited by 2
  28. 2024DAMe: Personalized Federated Social Event Detection with Dual Aggregation Mechanismcited by 1
  29. 2025Pastiche Novel Generation Creating: Fan Fiction You Love in Your Favorite Author's Stylecited by 1
  30. 2025Test-Time-Matching: Decouple Personality, Memory, and Linguistic Style in LLM-based Role-Playing Language Agentcited by 1
  31. 2026Codified Finite-state Machines for Role-playingcited by 1
  32. 2026PHASE-Tree: Modeling Character-State Evolution in Long-Horizon Role-Playing Dialoguecited by 1
  33. 2026CHARM: Character Hallucination for Multicultural Role Play Benchmarkcited by 1
  34. 2025Batch Aggregation: An Approach to Enhance Text Classification with Correlated Augmented Datacited by 0
  35. 2026Fusian: Multi-LoRA Fusion for Fine-Grained Continuous MBTI Personality Control in Large Language Modelscited by 0
  36. 2026Through the Lens of Character: Resolving Modality-Role Interference in Multimodal Role-Playing Agentcited by 0
  37. 2026Hystar: Hypernetwork-driven Style-adaptive Retrieval via Dynamic SVD Modulationcited by 0
  38. 2026BOOKMARKS: Efficient Active Storyline Memory for Role-playingcited by 0

50 most cited of 52 All 52 (JSON)

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2024A Multi-Task Role-Playing Agent Capable of Imitating Character Linguistic Styles
  2. 2024Crafting Customisable Characters with LLMs: A Persona-Driven Role-Playing Agent Framework
  3. 2026AdaMARP: An Adaptive Multi-Agent Interaction Framework for General Immersive Role-Playing
  4. 2026Character Beyond Speech: Leveraging Role-Playing Evaluation in Audio Large Language Models via Reinforcement Learning
  5. 2025FURINA: A Fully Customizable Role-Playing Benchmark via Scalable Multi-Agent Collaboration Pipeline
  6. 2026Adversarial Closed-Loop Curriculum for Evolving Role-Playing Agents
  7. 2024BEYOND DIALOGUE: A Profile-Dialogue Alignment Framework Towards General Role-Playing Language Model
  8. 2024Large Language Models are Superpositions of All Characters: Attaining Arbitrary Role-play via Self-Alignment