mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Personalized Large Language Models

arXiv 2402.09269 ↗First posted 14 Feb 2024cs.CL cs.AIcited by 44

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Abstract (arXiv)

Large language models (LLMs) have significantly advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks in recent years. However, their universal nature poses limitations in scenarios requiring personalized responses, such as recommendation systems and chatbots. This paper investigates methods to personalize LLMs, comparing fine-tuning and zero-shot reasoning approaches on subjective tasks. Results demonstrate that personalized fine-tuning improves model reasoning compared to non-personalized models. Experiments on datasets for emotion recognition and hate speech detection show consistent performance gains with personalized methods across different LLM architectures. These findings underscore the importance of personalization for enhancing LLM capabilities in subjective text perception tasks.

Key facts. Cited by 44 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 30 of its 58 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Feb 2024.

Builds on

30 of 58 references.

References · 30

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  3. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
  4. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,712
  5. 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 12,865
  6. 2023Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Modelcited by 7,916
  7. 2022Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasonerscited by 4,323
  8. 2023QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized LLMscited by 3,355
  9. 2023Tree of Thoughts: Deliberate Problem Solving with Large Language Modelscited by 3,155
  10. 2023Mistral 7Bcited by 3,065
  11. 2022Scaling Instruction-Finetuned Language Modelscited by 2,997
  12. 2023Code Llama: Open Foundation Models for Codecited by 2,105
18 more
  1. 2022A Survey on In-context Learningcited by 717
  2. 2022GPT-NeoX-20B: An Open-Source Autoregressive Language Modelcited by 711
  3. 2023Textbooks Are All You Need II: phi-1.5 technical reportcited by 559
  4. 2020GoEmotions: A Dataset of Fine-Grained Emotionscited by 479
  5. 2023TidyBot: Personalized Robot Assistance with Large Language Modelscited by 219
  6. 2023ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of nonecited by 204
  7. 2023Understanding Catastrophic Forgetting in Language Models via Implicit Inferencecited by 138
  8. 2023Investigating the Catastrophic Forgetting in Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 119
  9. 2023PALR: Personalization Aware LLMs for Recommendationcited by 96
  10. 2023Conversational Health Agents: A Personalized LLM-Powered Agent Frameworkcited by 91
  11. 2023LLM-Rec: Personalized Recommendation via Prompting Large Language Modelscited by 77
  12. 2021UserIdentifier: Implicit User Representations for Simple and Effective Personalized Sentiment Analysiscited by 28
  13. 2020Six Attributes of Unhealthy Conversationcited by 19
  14. 2024Examining Forgetting in Continual Pre-training of Aligned Large Language Modelscited by 16
  15. 2023NetGPT: A Native-AI Network Architecture Beyond Provisioning Personalized Generative Servicescited by 13
  16. 2023Modeling Uncertainty in Personalized Emotion Prediction with Normalizing Flowscited by 5
  17. 2023Deep Emotions Across Languages: A Novel Approach for Sentiment Propagation in Multilingual WordNetscited by 4
  18. 2023Towards Model-Based Data Acquisition for Subjective Multi-Task NLP Problemscited by 2

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 11; 2025: 21; 2026: 12.

44 papers.

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  1. 2024From Persona to Personalization: A Survey on Role-Playing Language Agentscited by 206
  2. 2024From Matching to Generation: A Survey on Generative Information Retrievalcited by 89
  3. 2025A Survey of Personalized Large Language Models: Progress and Future Directionscited by 65
  4. 2025LoRe: Personalizing LLMs via Low-Rank Reward Modelingcited by 34
  5. 2024AI PERSONA: Towards Life-long Personalization of LLMscited by 30
  6. 2024LLMs + Persona-Plug = Personalized LLMscited by 29
  7. 2024Exploring Safety-Utility Trade-Offs in Personalized Language Modelscited by 26
  8. 2025A Survey of Personalization: From RAG to Agentcited by 26
  9. 2024RAP: Retrieval-Augmented Personalization for Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 24
  10. 2024On the Way to LLM Personalization: Learning to Remember User Conversationscited by 21
  11. 2024Automatic Dataset Construction (ADC): Sample Collection, Data Curation, and Beyondcited by 18
  12. 2025Personalize Your LLM: Fake it then Align itcited by 15
32 more
  1. 2024APEX2: Adaptive and Extreme Summarization for Personalized Knowledge Graphscited by 13
  2. 2025Collab: Controlled Decoding using Mixture of Agents for LLM Alignmentcited by 13
  3. 2025A Survey on Collaborative Mechanisms Between Large and Small Language Modelscited by 12
  4. 2025CoSteer: Collaborative Decoding-Time Personalization via Local Delta Steeringcited by 12
  5. 2024Q-Adapter: Customizing Pre-trained LLMs to New Preferences with Forgetting Mitigationcited by 7
  6. 2025Effectively Steer LLM To Follow Preference via Building Confident Directionscited by 7
  7. 2025Memory Assisted LLM for Personalized Recommendation Systemcited by 7
  8. 2025CAIM: Development and Evaluation of a Cognitive AI Memory Framework for Long-Term Interaction with Intelligent Agentscited by 7
  9. 2025GRAVITY: A Framework for Personalized Text Generation via Profile-Grounded Synthetic Preferencescited by 3
  10. 2026CURP: Codebook-based Continuous User Representation for Personalized Generation with LLMscited by 3
  11. 2026EXACT: Explicit Attribute-Guided Decoding-Time Personalizationcited by 3
  12. 2026Architecting Trust in Artificial Epistemic Agentscited by 3
  13. 2025LaMP-Cap: Personalized Figure Caption Generation With Multimodal Figure Profilescited by 2
  14. 2025Backtranslation and paraphrasing in the LLM era? Comparing data augmentation methods for emotion classificationcited by 2
  15. 2025Accessibility Scout: Personalized Accessibility Scans of Built Environmentscited by 2
  16. 2026CARD: Cluster-level Adaptation with Reward-guided Decoding for Personalized Text Generationcited by 2
  17. 2026Sycophantic Anchors: Localizing and Quantifying User Agreement in Reasoning Modelscited by 2
  18. 2024Multi-Dimensional Insights: Benchmarking Real-World Personalization in Large Multimodal Modelscited by 1
  19. 2025ValuePilot: A Two-Phase Framework for Value-Driven Decision-Makingcited by 1
  20. 2025Personalized Constitutionally-Aligned Agentic Superego: Secure AI Behavior Aligned to Diverse Human Valuescited by 1
  21. 2025When Personalization Tricks Detectors: The Feature-Inversion Trap in Machine-Generated Text Detectioncited by 1
  22. 2025Personalized Collaborative Learning with Affinity-Based Variance Reductioncited by 1
  23. 2025Personalised Explanations in Long-term Human-Robot Interactionscited by 0
  24. 2025EMNLP: Educator-role Moral and Normative Large Language Models Profilingcited by 0
  25. 2025ValuePilot: A Two-Phase Framework for Value-Driven Decision-Makingcited by 0
  26. 2026Do Implicit Personalization and Explicit Styles Conflict? PsPLUG: A Lightweight Plug-in for Balancing Personalization and Style in Customized LLMscited by 0
  27. 2026Who Does What? Archetypes of Roles Assigned to LLMs During Human-AI Decision-Makingcited by 0
  28. 2026Dynamic Agentic AI Expert Profiler System Architecture for Multidomain Intelligence Modelingcited by 0
  29. 2026ReLay: Personalized LLM-Generated Plain-Language Summaries for Better Understanding, but at What Cost?cited by 0
  30. 2026What properties of reasoning supervision are associated with improved downstream model quality?cited by 0
  31. 2026TUX: Measuring Human--AI Tacit Understandingcited by 0
  32. 2026PLUME: Parameter-Efficient Personalization of Large Language Models via Low-Rank User Modulation in Shared Subspacescited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2026Re-Centering Humans in LLM Personalization
  2. 2023A Comprehensive Overview of Large Language Models
  3. 2025A Survey on Personalized and Pluralistic Preference Alignment in Large Language Models
  4. 2026Rethinking Personalization in Large Language Models at the Token Level
  5. 2026Personalized Benchmarking: Evaluating LLMs by Individual Preferences
  6. 2024Few-shot Personalization of LLMs with Mis-aligned Responses
  7. 2026Personalizing LLMs with Binary Feedback: A Preference-Corrected Optimization Framework
  8. 2024Knowledge Graph Tuning: Real-time Large Language Model Personalization based on Human Feedback