Six Attributes of Unhealthy Conversation
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
We present a new dataset of approximately 44000 comments labeled by crowdworkers. Each comment is labelled as either 'healthy' or 'unhealthy', in addition to binary labels for the presence of six potentially 'unhealthy' sub-attributes: (1) hostile; (2) antagonistic, insulting, provocative or trolling; (3) dismissive; (4) condescending or patronising; (5) sarcastic; and/or (6) an unfair generalisation. Each label also has an associated confidence score. We argue that there is a need for datasets which enable research based on a broad notion of 'unhealthy online conversation'. We build this typology to encompass a substantial proportion of the individual comments which contribute to unhealthy online conversation. For some of these attributes, this is the first publicly available dataset of this scale. We explore the quality of the dataset, present some summary statistics and initial models to illustrate the utility of this data, and highlight limitations and directions for further research.
Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 14 Oct 2020.
Builds on
No reference list yet.
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 3; 2023: 7; 2024: 3; 2025: 1; 2026: 2.
19 papers.
Sort:
- 2023RWKV: Reinventing RNNs for the Transformer Eracited by 814
- 2021Dealing with Disagreements: Looking Beyond the Majority Vote in Subjective Annotationscited by 306
- 2023ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of nonecited by 204
- 2024Personalized Large Language Modelscited by 44
- 2021Understanding and Countering Stereotypes: A Computational Approach to the Stereotype Content Modelcited by 23
- 2023Taxi1500: A Multilingual Dataset for Text Classification in 1500 Languagescited by 23
- 2022Listening to Affected Communities to Define Extreme Speech: Dataset and Experimentscited by 21
- 2023Towards Agile Text Classifiers for Everyonecited by 13
- 2022DEPTWEET: A Typology for Social Media Texts to Detect Depression Severitiescited by 12
- 2024PEFT-U: Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for User Personalizationcited by 11
- 2024Toxicity Classification in Ukrainiancited by 7
- 2021Predicting Different Types of Subtle Toxicity in Unhealthy Online Conversationscited by 5
7 more
- 2022ML_LTU at SemEval-2022 Task 4: T5 Towards Identifying Patronizing and Condescending Languagecited by 3
- 2023Tackling Fake News in Bengali: Unraveling the Impact of Summarization vs. Augmentation on Pre-trained Language Modelscited by 2
- 2023Towards a Unified Framework for Adaptable Problematic Content Detection via Continual Learningcited by 2
- 2023Towards Model-Based Data Acquisition for Subjective Multi-Task NLP Problemscited by 2
- 2025A Survey of Machine Learning Models and Datasets for the Multi-label Classification of Textual Hate Speech in Englishcited by 2
- 2026Article and Comment Frames Shape the Quality of Online Commentscited by 0
- 2026CIG: Measuring Conversational Information Gain in Deliberative Dialogues with Semantic Memory Dynamicscited by 0
- 2026CIG: Measuring Conversational Information Gain in Deliberative Dialogues with Semantic Memory Dynamics17 Apr 2026
- 2026Article and Comment Frames Shape the Quality of Online Comments29 Mar 2026
- 2025A Survey of Machine Learning Models and Datasets for the Multi-label Classification of Textual Hate Speech in English11 Apr 2025
- 2024PEFT-U: Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for User Personalization25 Jul 2024
- 2024Toxicity Classification in Ukrainian27 Apr 2024
- 2024Personalized Large Language Models14 Feb 2024
- 2023Towards Model-Based Data Acquisition for Subjective Multi-Task NLP Problems13 Dec 2023
- 2023Towards a Unified Framework for Adaptable Problematic Content Detection via Continual Learning29 Sep 2023
- 2023Tackling Fake News in Bengali: Unraveling the Impact of Summarization vs. Augmentation on Pre-trained Language Models13 Jul 2023
- 2023RWKV: Reinventing RNNs for the Transformer Era22 May 2023
- 2023Taxi1500: A Multilingual Dataset for Text Classification in 1500 Languages15 May 2023
- 2023ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none21 Feb 2023
7 more
- 2023Towards Agile Text Classifiers for Everyone13 Feb 2023
- 2022DEPTWEET: A Typology for Social Media Texts to Detect Depression Severities10 Oct 2022
- 2022ML_LTU at SemEval-2022 Task 4: T5 Towards Identifying Patronizing and Condescending Language15 Apr 2022
- 2022Listening to Affected Communities to Define Extreme Speech: Dataset and Experiments22 Mar 2022
- 2021Dealing with Disagreements: Looking Beyond the Majority Vote in Subjective Annotations12 Oct 2021
- 2021Predicting Different Types of Subtle Toxicity in Unhealthy Online Conversations7 Jun 2021
- 2021Understanding and Countering Stereotypes: A Computational Approach to the Stereotype Content Model4 Jun 2021
- 2023RWKV: Reinventing RNNs for the Transformer Eracited by 814
- 2021Dealing with Disagreements: Looking Beyond the Majority Vote in Subjective Annotationscited by 306
- 2023ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of nonecited by 204
- 2024Personalized Large Language Modelscited by 44
- 2021Understanding and Countering Stereotypes: A Computational Approach to the Stereotype Content Modelcited by 23
- 2023Taxi1500: A Multilingual Dataset for Text Classification in 1500 Languagescited by 23
- 2022Listening to Affected Communities to Define Extreme Speech: Dataset and Experimentscited by 21
- 2023Towards Agile Text Classifiers for Everyonecited by 13
- 2022DEPTWEET: A Typology for Social Media Texts to Detect Depression Severitiescited by 12
- 2024PEFT-U: Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for User Personalizationcited by 11
- 2024Toxicity Classification in Ukrainiancited by 7
- 2021Predicting Different Types of Subtle Toxicity in Unhealthy Online Conversationscited by 5
12 most cited of 19 All 19 (JSON)
- 2026CIG: Measuring Conversational Information Gain in Deliberative Dialogues with Semantic Memory Dynamics17 Apr 2026
- 2026Article and Comment Frames Shape the Quality of Online Comments29 Mar 2026
- 2025A Survey of Machine Learning Models and Datasets for the Multi-label Classification of Textual Hate Speech in English11 Apr 2025
- 2024PEFT-U: Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for User Personalization25 Jul 2024
- 2024Toxicity Classification in Ukrainian27 Apr 2024
- 2024Personalized Large Language Models14 Feb 2024
- 2023Towards Model-Based Data Acquisition for Subjective Multi-Task NLP Problems13 Dec 2023
- 2023Towards a Unified Framework for Adaptable Problematic Content Detection via Continual Learning29 Sep 2023
- 2023Tackling Fake News in Bengali: Unraveling the Impact of Summarization vs. Augmentation on Pre-trained Language Models13 Jul 2023
- 2023RWKV: Reinventing RNNs for the Transformer Era22 May 2023
- 2023Taxi1500: A Multilingual Dataset for Text Classification in 1500 Languages15 May 2023
- 2023ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none21 Feb 2023
12 newest of 19 All 19 (JSON)