SIMPL: A Simple and Efficient Multi-agent Motion Prediction Baseline for Autonomous Driving
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper presents a Simple and effIcient Motion Prediction baseLine (SIMPL) for autonomous vehicles. Unlike conventional agent-centric methods with high accuracy but repetitive computations and scene-centric methods with compromised accuracy and generalizability, SIMPL delivers real-time, accurate motion predictions for all relevant traffic participants. To achieve improvements in both accuracy and inference speed, we propose a compact and efficient global feature fusion module that performs directed message passing in a symmetric manner, enabling the network to forecast future motion for all road users in a single feed-forward pass and mitigating accuracy loss caused by viewpoint shifting. Additionally, we investigate the continuous trajectory parameterization using Bernstein basis polynomials in trajectory decoding, allowing evaluations of states and their higher-order derivatives at any desired time point, which is valuable for downstream planning tasks. As a strong baseline, SIMPL exhibits highly competitive performance on Argoverse 1 & 2 motion forecasting benchmarks compared with other state-of-the-art methods. Furthermore, its lightweight design and low inference latency make SIMPL highly extensible and promising for real-world onboard deployment. We open-source the code at https://github.com/HKUST-Aerial-Robotics/SIMPL.
Key facts. Cited by 27 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 32 of its 40 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 4 Feb 2024.
Builds on
32 of 40 references.
References · 32
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2016Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 11,282
- 2017Graph Attention Networkscited by 8,854
- 2016PointNet: Deep Learning on Point Sets for 3D Classification and Segmentationcited by 5,223
- 2019Argoverse: 3D Tracking and Forecasting with Rich Mapscited by 728
- 2023Argoverse 2: Next Generation Datasets for Self-Driving Perception and Forecastingcited by 701
- 2020VectorNet: Encoding HD Maps and Agent Dynamics from Vectorized Representationcited by 528
- 2019MultiPath: Multiple Probabilistic Anchor Trajectory Hypotheses for Behavior Predictioncited by 417
- 2020Learning Lane Graph Representations for Motion Forecastingcited by 380
- 2018Multimodal Trajectory Predictions for Autonomous Driving using Deep Convolutional Networkscited by 289
- 2022Wayformer: Motion Forecasting via Simple & Efficient Attention Networkscited by 279
- 2022Motion Transformer with Global Intention Localization and Local Movement Refinementcited by 267
20 more
- 2019CoverNet: Multimodal Behavior Prediction using Trajectory Setscited by 259
- 2021MultiPath++: Efficient Information Fusion and Trajectory Aggregation for Behavior Predictioncited by 246
- 2021Multimodal Motion Prediction with Stacked Transformerscited by 207
- 2017Social Attention: Modeling Attention in Human Crowdscited by 185
- 2021Scene Transformer: A unified architecture for predicting multiple agent trajectoriescited by 165
- 2023MTR++: Multi-Agent Motion Prediction with Symmetric Scene Modeling and Guided Intention Queryingcited by 139
- 2019Multi-Agent Tensor Fusion for Contextual Trajectory Predictioncited by 131
- 2021Latent Variable Sequential Set Transformers For Joint Multi-Agent Motion Predictioncited by 131
- 2020Implicit Latent Variable Model for Scene-Consistent Motion Forecastingcited by 116
- 2022HDGT: Heterogeneous Driving Graph Transformer for Multi-Agent Trajectory Prediction via Scene Encodingcited by 109
- 2023Forecast-MAE: Self-supervised Pre-training for Motion Forecasting with Masked Autoencoderscited by 72
- 2022GoRela: Go Relative for Viewpoint-Invariant Motion Forecastingcited by 68
- 2023MacFormer: Map-Agent Coupled Transformer for Real-time and Robust Trajectory Predictioncited by 32
- 2022SSL-Lanes: Self-Supervised Learning for Motion Forecasting in Autonomous Drivingcited by 31
- 2023Dynamic Scenario Representation Learning for Motion Forecasting with Heterogeneous Graph Convolutional Recurrent Networkscited by 27
- 2022R-Pred: Two-Stage Motion Prediction Via Tube-Query Attention-Based Trajectory Refinementcited by 23
- 2020PLOP: Probabilistic poLynomial Objects trajectory Planning for autonomous drivingcited by 19
- 2021Trajectory Prediction with Graph-based Dual-scale Context Fusioncited by 19
- 2019Safe Trajectory Generation for Complex Urban Environments Using Spatio-temporal Semantic Corridorcited by 16
- 2022Spatio-temporal Motion Planning for Autonomous Vehicles with Trapezoidal Prism Corridors and B'ezier Curvescited by 2
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 4; 2025: 14; 2026: 9.
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- 2024Motion Forecasting in Continuous Drivingcited by 11
- 2024Efficient Motion Prediction: A Lightweight & Accurate Trajectory Prediction Model With Fast Training and Inference Speedcited by 9
- 2025GoIRL: Graph-Oriented Inverse Reinforcement Learning for Multimodal Trajectory Predictioncited by 7
- 2024Multi-Agent Trajectory Prediction with Difficulty-Guided Feature Enhancement Networkcited by 6
- 2025Foresight in Motion: Reinforcing Trajectory Prediction with Reward Heuristicscited by 6
- 2025Divide and Merge: Motion and Semantic Learning in End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 5
- 2025Dur360BEV: A Real-world 360-degree Single Camera Dataset and Benchmark for Bird-Eye View Mapping in Autonomous Drivingcited by 5
- 2025ParkDiffusion: Heterogeneous Multi-Agent Multi-Modal Trajectory Prediction for Automated Parking using Diffusion Modelscited by 5
- 2025Future-Aware Interaction Network For Motion Forecastingcited by 4
- 2025Do LLM Modules Generalize? A Study on Motion Generation for Autonomous Drivingcited by 4
- 2024Snapshot: Towards Application-centered Models for Pedestrian Trajectory Prediction in Urban Traffic Environmentscited by 3
- 2025HAMF: A Hybrid Attention-Mamba Framework for Joint Scene Context Understanding and Future Motion Representation Learningcited by 2
15 more
- 2025KD360-VoxelBEV: LiDAR and 360-degree Camera Cross Modality Knowledge Distillation for Bird's-Eye-View Segmentationcited by 2
- 2026Recover to Predict: Progressive Retrospective Learning for Variable-Length Trajectory Predictioncited by 2
- 2025Toward Efficient and Robust Behavior Models for Multi-Agent Driving Simulationcited by 1
- 2025Autoregressive Flow Matching for Motion Predictioncited by 1
- 2026Streaming Real-Time Trajectory Prediction Using Endpoint-Aware Modelingcited by 1
- 2025From Marginal to Joint Predictions: Evaluating Scene-Consistent Trajectory Prediction Approaches for Automated Drivingcited by 0
- 2025ILNet: Trajectory Prediction with Inverse Learning Attention for Enhancing Intention Capturecited by 0
- 2025Cued-Agent: A Collaborative Multi-Agent System for Automatic Cued Speech Recognitioncited by 0
- 2026TaPD: Temporal-adaptive Progressive Distillation for Observation-Adaptive Trajectory Forecasting in Autonomous Drivingcited by 0
- 2026SHARP: Short-Window Streaming for Accurate and Robust Prediction in Motion Forecastingcited by 0
- 2026Recall to Predict: Grounding Motion Forecasting in Interpretable Motion Bankcited by 0
- 2026A Pedestrian-Vehicle Interaction Benchmark and Annotation Framework for Unstructured Scenes via Uncalibrated Camerascited by 0
- 2026Mind the Noise: Sensitivity of Transformer-based Interaction-Aware Trajectory Prediction Models to Noisy Datacited by 0
- 2026Proposal-Conditioned Latent Diffusion for Closed-Loop Traffic Scenario Generationcited by 0
- 2026A Unified Framework for Trajectory Prediction with Explicit Planning and Reaction Decompositioncited by 0
- 2026A Unified Framework for Trajectory Prediction with Explicit Planning and Reaction Decomposition6 Aug 2026
- 2026Proposal-Conditioned Latent Diffusion for Closed-Loop Traffic Scenario Generation25 Jun 2026
- 2026Mind the Noise: Sensitivity of Transformer-based Interaction-Aware Trajectory Prediction Models to Noisy Data19 Jun 2026
- 2026A Pedestrian-Vehicle Interaction Benchmark and Annotation Framework for Unstructured Scenes via Uncalibrated Cameras25 May 2026
- 2026Recall to Predict: Grounding Motion Forecasting in Interpretable Motion Bank2 May 2026
- 2026SHARP: Short-Window Streaming for Accurate and Robust Prediction in Motion Forecasting30 Mar 2026
- 2026Recover to Predict: Progressive Retrospective Learning for Variable-Length Trajectory Prediction11 Mar 2026
- 2026TaPD: Temporal-adaptive Progressive Distillation for Observation-Adaptive Trajectory Forecasting in Autonomous Driving6 Mar 2026
- 2026Streaming Real-Time Trajectory Prediction Using Endpoint-Aware Modeling2 Mar 2026
- 2025Autoregressive Flow Matching for Motion Prediction27 Dec 2025
- 2025KD360-VoxelBEV: LiDAR and 360-degree Camera Cross Modality Knowledge Distillation for Bird's-Eye-View Segmentation17 Dec 2025
- 2025Toward Efficient and Robust Behavior Models for Multi-Agent Driving Simulation5 Dec 2025
15 more
- 2025Do LLM Modules Generalize? A Study on Motion Generation for Autonomous Driving2 Sep 2025
- 2025Cued-Agent: A Collaborative Multi-Agent System for Automatic Cued Speech Recognition1 Aug 2025
- 2025Foresight in Motion: Reinforcing Trajectory Prediction with Reward Heuristics16 Jul 2025
- 2025ILNet: Trajectory Prediction with Inverse Learning Attention for Enhancing Intention Capture9 Jul 2025
- 2025From Marginal to Joint Predictions: Evaluating Scene-Consistent Trajectory Prediction Approaches for Automated Driving7 Jul 2025
- 2025GoIRL: Graph-Oriented Inverse Reinforcement Learning for Multimodal Trajectory Prediction26 Jun 2025
- 2025HAMF: A Hybrid Attention-Mamba Framework for Joint Scene Context Understanding and Future Motion Representation Learning21 May 2025
- 2025ParkDiffusion: Heterogeneous Multi-Agent Multi-Modal Trajectory Prediction for Automated Parking using Diffusion Models1 May 2025
- 2025Future-Aware Interaction Network For Motion Forecasting9 Mar 2025
- 2025Dur360BEV: A Real-world 360-degree Single Camera Dataset and Benchmark for Bird-Eye View Mapping in Autonomous Driving2 Mar 2025
- 2025Divide and Merge: Motion and Semantic Learning in End-to-End Autonomous Driving11 Feb 2025
- 2024Motion Forecasting in Continuous Driving8 Oct 2024
- 2024Efficient Motion Prediction: A Lightweight & Accurate Trajectory Prediction Model With Fast Training and Inference Speed24 Sep 2024
- 2024Snapshot: Towards Application-centered Models for Pedestrian Trajectory Prediction in Urban Traffic Environments3 Sep 2024
- 2024Multi-Agent Trajectory Prediction with Difficulty-Guided Feature Enhancement Network26 Jul 2024
- 2024Motion Forecasting in Continuous Drivingcited by 11
- 2024Efficient Motion Prediction: A Lightweight & Accurate Trajectory Prediction Model With Fast Training and Inference Speedcited by 9
- 2024Multi-Agent Trajectory Prediction with Difficulty-Guided Feature Enhancement Networkcited by 6
- 2025Foresight in Motion: Reinforcing Trajectory Prediction with Reward Heuristicscited by 6
- 2025Dur360BEV: A Real-world 360-degree Single Camera Dataset and Benchmark for Bird-Eye View Mapping in Autonomous Drivingcited by 5
- 2024Snapshot: Towards Application-centered Models for Pedestrian Trajectory Prediction in Urban Traffic Environmentscited by 3
- 2025KD360-VoxelBEV: LiDAR and 360-degree Camera Cross Modality Knowledge Distillation for Bird's-Eye-View Segmentationcited by 2
- 2026Recover to Predict: Progressive Retrospective Learning for Variable-Length Trajectory Predictioncited by 2
- 2026Streaming Real-Time Trajectory Prediction Using Endpoint-Aware Modelingcited by 1
- 2025From Marginal to Joint Predictions: Evaluating Scene-Consistent Trajectory Prediction Approaches for Automated Drivingcited by 0
- 2025ILNet: Trajectory Prediction with Inverse Learning Attention for Enhancing Intention Capturecited by 0
- 2026TaPD: Temporal-adaptive Progressive Distillation for Observation-Adaptive Trajectory Forecasting in Autonomous Drivingcited by 0
12 most cited of 17 All 17 (JSON)
- 2026A Unified Framework for Trajectory Prediction with Explicit Planning and Reaction Decomposition6 Aug 2026
- 2026Mind the Noise: Sensitivity of Transformer-based Interaction-Aware Trajectory Prediction Models to Noisy Data19 Jun 2026
- 2026A Pedestrian-Vehicle Interaction Benchmark and Annotation Framework for Unstructured Scenes via Uncalibrated Cameras25 May 2026
- 2026Recall to Predict: Grounding Motion Forecasting in Interpretable Motion Bank2 May 2026
- 2026SHARP: Short-Window Streaming for Accurate and Robust Prediction in Motion Forecasting30 Mar 2026
- 2026Recover to Predict: Progressive Retrospective Learning for Variable-Length Trajectory Prediction11 Mar 2026
- 2026TaPD: Temporal-adaptive Progressive Distillation for Observation-Adaptive Trajectory Forecasting in Autonomous Driving6 Mar 2026
- 2026Streaming Real-Time Trajectory Prediction Using Endpoint-Aware Modeling2 Mar 2026
- 2025KD360-VoxelBEV: LiDAR and 360-degree Camera Cross Modality Knowledge Distillation for Bird's-Eye-View Segmentation17 Dec 2025
- 2025Foresight in Motion: Reinforcing Trajectory Prediction with Reward Heuristics16 Jul 2025
- 2025ILNet: Trajectory Prediction with Inverse Learning Attention for Enhancing Intention Capture9 Jul 2025
- 2025From Marginal to Joint Predictions: Evaluating Scene-Consistent Trajectory Prediction Approaches for Automated Driving7 Jul 2025
12 newest of 17 All 17 (JSON)