mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

VadCLIP: Adapting Vision-Language Models for Weakly Supervised Video Anomaly Detection

arXiv 2308.11681 ↗First posted 22 Aug 2023cs.CV cs.MMcited by 123

On the map: Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models → Chart understanding and anomaly detection

Abstract (arXiv)

The recent contrastive language-image pre-training (CLIP) model has shown great success in a wide range of image-level tasks, revealing remarkable ability for learning powerful visual representations with rich semantics. An open and worthwhile problem is efficiently adapting such a strong model to the video domain and designing a robust video anomaly detector. In this work, we propose VadCLIP, a new paradigm for weakly supervised video anomaly detection (WSVAD) by leveraging the frozen CLIP model directly without any pre-training and fine-tuning process. Unlike current works that directly feed extracted features into the weakly supervised classifier for frame-level binary classification, VadCLIP makes full use of fine-grained associations between vision and language on the strength of CLIP and involves dual branch. One branch simply utilizes visual features for coarse-grained binary classification, while the other fully leverages the fine-grained language-image alignment. With the benefit of dual branch, VadCLIP achieves both coarse-grained and fine-grained video anomaly detection by transferring pre-trained knowledge from CLIP to WSVAD task. We conduct extensive experiments on two commonly-used benchmarks, demonstrating that VadCLIP achieves the best performance on both coarse-grained and fine-grained WSVAD, surpassing the state-of-the-art methods by a large margin. Specifically, VadCLIP achieves 84.51% AP and 88.02% AUC on XD-Violence and UCF-Crime, respectively. Code and features are released at https://github.com/nwpu-zxr/VadCLIP.

Key facts. Cited by 123 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Chart understanding and anomaly detection, one of 16 directions in Multimodal LLMs / vision-language models. Builds on 39 of its 57 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Aug 2023.

Builds on

39 of 57 references.

References · 39

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  2. 2020An Image is Worth 16x16 Words: Transformers for Image Recognition at Scalecited by 30,186
  3. 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,713
  4. 2021Swin Transformer: Hierarchical Vision Transformer using Shifted Windowscited by 12,139
  5. 2021Scaling Up Visual and Vision-Language Representation Learning With Noisy Text Supervisioncited by 3,864
  6. 2017Quo Vadis, Action Recognition? A New Model and the Kinetics Datasetcited by 3,270
  7. 2021Learning to Prompt for Vision-Language Modelscited by 2,281
  8. 2021ViLT: Vision-and-Language Transformer Without Convolution or Region Supervisioncited by 1,230
  9. 2021CLIP4Clip: An Empirical Study of CLIP for End to End Video Clip Retrievalcited by 651
  10. 2021SimVLM: Simple Visual Language Model Pretraining with Weak Supervisioncited by 647
  11. 2022Detecting Twenty-thousand Classes using Image-level Supervisioncited by 614
  12. 2021VideoCLIP: Contrastive Pre-training for Zero-shot Video-Text Understandingcited by 602
27 more
  1. 2018Real-world Anomaly Detection in Surveillance Videoscited by 577
  2. 2021ClipCap: CLIP Prefix for Image Captioningcited by 559
  3. 2021DenseCLIP: Language-Guided Dense Prediction with Context-Aware Promptingcited by 532
  4. 2017Future Frame Prediction for Anomaly Detection -- A New Baselinecited by 391
  5. 2022Expanding Language-Image Pretrained Models for General Video Recognitioncited by 321
  6. 2021ActionCLIP: A New Paradigm for Video Action Recognitioncited by 320
  7. 2021Prompting Visual-Language Models for Efficient Video Understandingcited by 310
  8. 2016Learning Temporal Regularity in Video Sequencescited by 254
  9. 2020Not only Look, but also Listen: Learning Multimodal Violence Detection under Weak Supervisioncited by 238
  10. 2021Weakly-supervised Video Anomaly Detection with Robust Temporal Feature Magnitude Learningcited by 230
  11. 2022Frozen CLIP Models are Efficient Video Learnerscited by 182
  12. 2022ZegCLIP: Towards Adapting CLIP for Zero-shot Semantic Segmentationcited by 178
  13. 2019Graph Convolutional Label Noise Cleaner: Train a Plug-and-play Action Classifier for Anomaly Detectioncited by 171
  14. 2022VLP: A Survey on Vision-Language Pre-trainingcited by 159
  15. 2021MIST: Multiple Instance Self-Training Framework for Video Anomaly Detectioncited by 138
  16. 2018Object-centric Auto-encoders and Dummy Anomalies for Abnormal Event Detection in Videocited by 111
  17. 2023Dual Memory Units with Uncertainty Regulation for Weakly Supervised Video Anomaly Detectioncited by 90
  18. 2020Self-trained Deep Ordinal Regression for End-to-End Video Anomaly Detectioncited by 83
  19. 2020CLAWS: Clustering Assisted Weakly Supervised Learning with Normalcy Suppression for Anomalous Event Detectioncited by 79
  20. 2020Cloze Test Helps: Effective Video Anomaly Detection via Learning to Complete Video Eventscited by 70
  21. 2022CLIP-TSA: CLIP-Assisted Temporal Self-Attention for Weakly-Supervised Video Anomaly Detectioncited by 67
  22. 2022Zero-Shot Temporal Action Detection via Vision-Language Promptingcited by 65
  23. 2023Unbiased Multiple Instance Learning for Weakly Supervised Video Anomaly Detectioncited by 64
  24. 2023Video Event Restoration Based on Keyframes for Video Anomaly Detectioncited by 54
  25. 2023Turning a CLIP Model into a Scene Text Detectorcited by 44
  26. 2021Weakly-Supervised Spatio-Temporal Anomaly Detection in Surveillance Videocited by 32
  27. 2023Towards Video Anomaly Retrieval from Video Anomaly Detection: New Benchmarks and Modelcited by 25

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 3; 2024: 21; 2025: 47; 2026: 52.

123 papers.

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  1. 2024Toward Generalist Anomaly Detection via In-context Residual Learning with Few-shot Sample Promptscited by 89
  2. 2024Holmes-VAU: Towards Long-term Video Anomaly Understanding at Any Granularitycited by 70
  3. 2024Holmes-VAD: Towards Unbiased and Explainable Video Anomaly Detection via Multi-modal LLMcited by 64
  4. 2023Open-Vocabulary Video Anomaly Detectioncited by 57
  5. 2024Advancing Video Anomaly Detection: A Concise Review and a New Datasetcited by 49
  6. 2024Text Prompt with Normality Guidance for Weakly Supervised Video Anomaly Detectioncited by 49
  7. 2024Learning Transferable Negative Prompts for Out-of-Distribution Detectioncited by 43
  8. 2024Weakly Supervised Video Anomaly Detection and Localization with Spatio-Temporal Promptscited by 40
  9. 2024Deep Graph Anomaly Detection: A Survey and New Perspectivescited by 40
  10. 2024Deep Learning for Video Anomaly Detection: A Reviewcited by 27
  11. 2023Anomaly Heterogeneity Learning for Open-set Supervised Anomaly Detectioncited by 25
  12. 2024VERA: Explainable Video Anomaly Detection via Verbalized Learning of Vision-Language Modelscited by 24
38 more
  1. 2025VAU-R1: Advancing Video Anomaly Understanding via Reinforcement Fine-Tuningcited by 24
  2. 2024Learnable Expansion of Graph Operators for Multi-Modal Feature Fusioncited by 23
  3. 2024Fine-grained Abnormality Prompt Learning for Zero-shot Anomaly Detectioncited by 22
  4. 2025PANDA: Towards Generalist Video Anomaly Detection via Agentic AI Engineercited by 19
  5. 2024Video Anomaly Detection in 10 Years: A Survey and Outlookcited by 18
  6. 2024A Survey on Safe Multi-Modal Learning Systemcited by 15
  7. 2025Anomize: Better Open Vocabulary Video Anomaly Detectioncited by 13
  8. 2025Flashback: Memory-Driven Zero-shot, Real-time Video Anomaly Detectioncited by 12
  9. 2025A Unified Reasoning Framework for Holistic Zero-Shot Video Anomaly Analysiscited by 12
  10. 2024Privacy-Preserving Video Anomaly Detection: A Surveycited by 11
  11. 2025Sherlock: Towards Multi-scene Video Abnormal Event Extraction and Localization via a Global-local Spatial-sensitive LLMcited by 11
  12. 2025Towards Visual Discrimination and Reasoning of Real-World Physical Dynamics: Physics-Grounded Anomaly Detectioncited by 10
  13. 2024Text-Driven Traffic Anomaly Detection with Temporal High-Frequency Modeling in Driving Videoscited by 9
  14. 2025FiLo++: Zero-/Few-Shot Anomaly Detection by Fused Fine-Grained Descriptions and Deformable Localizationcited by 8
  15. 2025Language-guided Open-world Video Anomaly Detection under Weak Supervisioncited by 8
  16. 2025Track Any Anomalous Object: A Granular Video Anomaly Detection Pipelinecited by 8
  17. 2025Anomaly Detection and Generation with Diffusion Models: A Surveycited by 8
  18. 2025Foundation Models and Transformers for Anomaly Detection: A Surveycited by 8
  19. 2025VAGU & GtS: LLM-Based Benchmark and Framework for Joint Video Anomaly Grounding and Understandingcited by 8
  20. 2025Aligning Effective Tokens with Video Anomaly in Large Language Modelscited by 8
  21. 2025Unlocking Vision-Language Models for Video Anomaly Detection via Fine-Grained Promptingcited by 8
  22. 2026No Need For Real Anomaly: MLLM Empowered Zero-Shot Video Anomaly Detectioncited by 8
  23. 2024GlanceVAD: Exploring Glance Supervision for Label-efficient Video Anomaly Detectioncited by 7
  24. 2024Anomaly Detection for People with Visual Impairments Using an Egocentric 360-Degree Cameracited by 7
  25. 2025AVadCLIP: Audio-Visual Collaboration for Robust Video Anomaly Detectioncited by 7
  26. 2025Mixture of Experts Guided by Gaussian Splatters Matters: A new Approach to Weakly-Supervised Video Anomaly Detectioncited by 6
  27. 2025Domain-Enhanced Dual-Branch Model for Efficient and Interpretable Accident Anticipationcited by 5
  28. 2025Pistachio: Towards Synthetic, Balanced, and Long-Form Video Anomaly Benchmarkscited by 5
  29. 2025SAGE: A Visual Language Model for Anomaly Detection via Fact Enhancement and Entropy-aware Alignmentcited by 4
  30. 2025The Evolution of Video Anomaly Detection: A Unified Framework from DNN to MLLMcited by 4
  31. 2025A Survey on Video Anomaly Detection via Deep Learning: Human, Vehicle, and Environmentcited by 4
  32. 2025Leveraging Multimodal LLM Descriptions of Activity for Explainable Semi-Supervised Video Anomaly Detectioncited by 4
  33. 2026Instance-Aligned Captions for Explainable Video Anomaly Detectioncited by 4
  34. 2026Steering and Rectifying Latent Representation Manifolds in Frozen Multi-modal LLMs for Video Anomaly Detectioncited by 4
  35. 2026Learning to Watch: Active Video Anomaly Understanding via Interleaved Policy Optimizationcited by 4
  36. 2025Just Dance with π! A Poly-modal Inductor for Weakly-supervised Video Anomaly Detectioncited by 3
  37. 2025Rethinking Metrics and Benchmarks of Video Anomaly Detectioncited by 3
  38. 2025Learning Event Completeness for Weakly Supervised Video Anomaly Detectioncited by 3

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  1. 2026MuST-VAD: Mutual Structured Learning for Video Anomaly Detection
  2. 2024Harnessing Large Language Models for Training-free Video Anomaly Detection
  3. 2025SlowFastVAD: Video Anomaly Detection via Integrating Simple Detector and RAG-Enhanced Vision-Language Model
  4. 2026Anomaly-Guided Observation and Two-Level Semantic Feedback for Training-Free Video Anomaly Analysis
  5. 2024Vision-Language Models Assisted Unsupervised Video Anomaly Detection
  6. 2026Context-structured Video Anomaly Detection with Large Vision-Language Models
  7. 2024Quo Vadis, Anomaly Detection? LLMs and VLMs in the Spotlight
  8. 2026Benchmarking Compact VLMs for Clip-Level Surveillance Anomaly Detection Under Weak Supervision