WizMap: Scalable Interactive Visualization for Exploring Large Machine Learning Embeddings
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Abstract (arXiv)
Machine learning models often learn latent embedding representations that capture the domain semantics of their training data. These embedding representations are valuable for interpreting trained models, building new models, and analyzing new datasets. However, interpreting and using embeddings can be challenging due to their opaqueness, high dimensionality, and the large size of modern datasets. To tackle these challenges, we present WizMap, an interactive visualization tool to help researchers and practitioners easily explore large embeddings. With a novel multi-resolution embedding summarization method and a familiar map-like interaction design, WizMap enables users to navigate and interpret embedding spaces with ease. Leveraging modern web technologies such as WebGL and Web Workers, WizMap scales to millions of embedding points directly in users' web browsers and computational notebooks without the need for dedicated backend servers. WizMap is open-source and available at the following public demo link: https://poloclub.github.io/wizmap.
Key facts. Cited by 28 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 27 of its 48 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Jun 2023.
Builds on
27 of 48 references.
References · 27
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
- 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
- 2021High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 18,694
- 2013Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Spacecited by 4,346
- 2018UMAP: Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection for Dimension Reductioncited by 2,841
- 2018Deep contextualized word representationscited by 2,285
- 2016Man is to Computer Programmer as Woman is to Homemaker? Debiasing Word Embeddingscited by 1,304
- 2020MPNet: Masked and Permuted Pre-training for Language Understandingcited by 973
- 2022BERTopic: Neural topic modeling with a class-based TF-IDF procedurecited by 779
- 2022DiffusionDB: A Large-scale Prompt Gallery Dataset for Text-to-Image Generative Modelscited by 376
- 2019Transfusion: Understanding Transfer Learning for Medical Imagingcited by 366
- 2021With a Little Help from My Friends: Nearest-Neighbor Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 324
15 more
- 2017CleanNet: Transfer Learning for Scalable Image Classifier Training with Label Noisecited by 181
- 2016Visualizing Large-scale and High-dimensional Datacited by 79
- 2019BLOCK: Bilinear Superdiagonal Fusion for Visual Question Answering and Visual Relationship Detectioncited by 62
- 2022Generated Faces in the Wild: Quantitative Comparison of Stable Diffusion, Midjourney and DALL-E 2cited by 55
- 2016Embedding Projector: Interactive Visualization and Interpretation of Embeddingscited by 43
- 2019Embedding Comparator: Visualizing Differences in Global Structure and Local Neighborhoods via Small Multiplescited by 38
- 2018EmbeddingVis: A Visual Analytics Approach to Comparative Network Embedding Inspectioncited by 18
- 2022Emblaze: Illuminating Machine Learning Representations through Interactive Comparison of Embedding Spacescited by 16
- 2019embComp: Visual Interactive Comparison of Vector Embeddingscited by 15
- 2022Visual Comparison of Language Model Adaptationcited by 14
- 2020Characterizing Automated Data Insightscited by 12
- 2021NeuroCartography: Scalable Automatic Visual Summarization of Concepts in Deep Neural Networkscited by 12
- 2023Angler: Helping Machine Translation Practitioners Prioritize Model Improvementscited by 11
- 2022NOVA: A Practical Method for Creating Notebook-Ready Visual Analyticscited by 4
- 2023SuperNOVA: Design Strategies and Opportunities for Interactive Visualization in Computational Notebookscited by 3
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 2; 2024: 13; 2025: 10; 2026: 3.
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- 2023"Do Anything Now": Characterizing and Evaluating In-The-Wild Jailbreak Prompts on Large Language Modelscited by 457
- 2024VidProM: A Million-scale Real Prompt-Gallery Dataset for Text-to-Video Diffusion Modelscited by 124
- 2024Farsight: Fostering Responsible AI Awareness During AI Application Prototypingcited by 28
- 2025VideoUFO: A Million-Scale User-Focused Dataset for Text-to-Video Generationcited by 20
- 2023Math Agents: Computational Infrastructure, Mathematical Embedding, and Genomicscited by 15
- 2024MeMemo: On-device Retrieval Augmentation for Private and Personalized Text Generationcited by 12
- 2024TIP-I2V: A Million-Scale Real Text and Image Prompt Dataset for Image-to-Video Generationcited by 9
- 2025Embedding Atlas: Low-Friction, Interactive Embedding Visualizationcited by 7
- 2024ASAP: Interpretable Analysis and Summarization of AI-generated Image Patterns at Scalecited by 5
- 2024Policy Maps: Tools for Guiding the Unbounded Space of LLM Behaviorscited by 5
- 2024A Large-Scale Sensitivity Analysis on Latent Embeddings and Dimensionality Reductions for Text Spatializationscited by 4
- 2025A Scalable Approach to Clustering Embedding Projectionscited by 3
16 more
- 2025Evalet: Evaluating Large Language Models through Functional Fragmentationcited by 3
- 2025GeneVA: A Dataset of Human Annotations for Generative Text to Video Artifactscited by 2
- 2025ImageGem: In-the-wild Generative Image Interaction Dataset for Generative Model Personalizationcited by 2
- 2025Visual Exploration of Feature Relationships in Sparse Autoencoders with Curated Conceptscited by 2
- 2024VERA: Generating Visual Explanations of Two-Dimensional Embeddings via Region Annotationcited by 1
- 2024Towards Transparency: Exploring LLM Trainings Datasets through Visual Topic Modeling and Semantic Framecited by 1
- 2024JailbreakHunter: A Visual Analytics Approach for Jailbreak Prompts Discovery from Large-Scale Human-LLM Conversational Datasetscited by 1
- 2025Interactivity x Explainability: Toward Understanding How Interactivity Can Improve Computer Vision Explanationscited by 1
- 2024StableSemantics: A Synthetic Language-Vision Dataset of Semantic Representations in Naturalistic Imagescited by 0
- 2024Interpretable Syntactic Representations Enable Hierarchical Word Vectorscited by 0
- 2024ClusterChat: Multi-Feature Search for Corpus Explorationcited by 0
- 2025AKRMap: Adaptive Kernel Regression for Trustworthy Visualization of Cross-Modal Embeddingscited by 0
- 2025Graphing the Truth: Structured Visualizations for Automated Hallucination Detection in LLMscited by 0
- 2026LatentFlow: Visual Analytics for Latent Space Analysis in Molecular Graph Neural Networkscited by 0
- 2026LatentVerse: A Framework for Understanding Shared and Modality-Specific Information in Multimodal Latent Representationscited by 0
- 2026ASAP: Visual Analytics for Identifying and Analyzing Image Patterns in AI-generated Imagescited by 0
- 2026ASAP: Visual Analytics for Identifying and Analyzing Image Patterns in AI-generated Images23 Sep 2026
- 2026LatentVerse: A Framework for Understanding Shared and Modality-Specific Information in Multimodal Latent Representations11 Sep 2026
- 2026LatentFlow: Visual Analytics for Latent Space Analysis in Molecular Graph Neural Networks24 Jul 2026
- 2025Graphing the Truth: Structured Visualizations for Automated Hallucination Detection in LLMs29 Nov 2025
- 2025Visual Exploration of Feature Relationships in Sparse Autoencoders with Curated Concepts8 Nov 2025
- 2025ImageGem: In-the-wild Generative Image Interaction Dataset for Generative Model Personalization21 Oct 2025
- 2025Evalet: Evaluating Large Language Models through Functional Fragmentation14 Sep 2025
- 2025GeneVA: A Dataset of Human Annotations for Generative Text to Video Artifacts10 Sep 2025
- 2025AKRMap: Adaptive Kernel Regression for Trustworthy Visualization of Cross-Modal Embeddings20 May 2025
- 2025Embedding Atlas: Low-Friction, Interactive Embedding Visualization9 May 2025
- 2025Interactivity x Explainability: Toward Understanding How Interactivity Can Improve Computer Vision Explanations14 Apr 2025
- 2025A Scalable Approach to Clustering Embedding Projections9 Apr 2025
16 more
- 2025VideoUFO: A Million-Scale User-Focused Dataset for Text-to-Video Generation3 Mar 2025
- 2024ClusterChat: Multi-Feature Search for Corpus Exploration19 Dec 2024
- 2024Interpretable Syntactic Representations Enable Hierarchical Word Vectors13 Nov 2024
- 2024TIP-I2V: A Million-Scale Real Text and Image Prompt Dataset for Image-to-Video Generation5 Nov 2024
- 2024Policy Maps: Tools for Guiding the Unbounded Space of LLM Behaviors26 Sep 2024
- 2024A Large-Scale Sensitivity Analysis on Latent Embeddings and Dimensionality Reductions for Text Spatializations25 Jul 2024
- 2024JailbreakHunter: A Visual Analytics Approach for Jailbreak Prompts Discovery from Large-Scale Human-LLM Conversational Datasets3 Jul 2024
- 2024MeMemo: On-device Retrieval Augmentation for Private and Personalized Text Generation2 Jul 2024
- 2024StableSemantics: A Synthetic Language-Vision Dataset of Semantic Representations in Naturalistic Images19 Jun 2024
- 2024VERA: Generating Visual Explanations of Two-Dimensional Embeddings via Region Annotation7 Jun 2024
- 2024Towards Transparency: Exploring LLM Trainings Datasets through Visual Topic Modeling and Semantic Frame3 Jun 2024
- 2024ASAP: Interpretable Analysis and Summarization of AI-generated Image Patterns at Scale3 Apr 2024
- 2024VidProM: A Million-scale Real Prompt-Gallery Dataset for Text-to-Video Diffusion Models10 Mar 2024
- 2024Farsight: Fostering Responsible AI Awareness During AI Application Prototyping23 Feb 2024
- 2023"Do Anything Now": Characterizing and Evaluating In-The-Wild Jailbreak Prompts on Large Language Models7 Aug 2023
- 2023Math Agents: Computational Infrastructure, Mathematical Embedding, and Genomics4 Jul 2023
- 2024Farsight: Fostering Responsible AI Awareness During AI Application Prototypingcited by 28
- 2025VideoUFO: A Million-Scale User-Focused Dataset for Text-to-Video Generationcited by 20
- 2024TIP-I2V: A Million-Scale Real Text and Image Prompt Dataset for Image-to-Video Generationcited by 9
- 2025Embedding Atlas: Low-Friction, Interactive Embedding Visualizationcited by 7
- 2024Policy Maps: Tools for Guiding the Unbounded Space of LLM Behaviorscited by 5
- 2024A Large-Scale Sensitivity Analysis on Latent Embeddings and Dimensionality Reductions for Text Spatializationscited by 4
- 2025A Scalable Approach to Clustering Embedding Projectionscited by 3
- 2025Evalet: Evaluating Large Language Models through Functional Fragmentationcited by 3
- 2025GeneVA: A Dataset of Human Annotations for Generative Text to Video Artifactscited by 2
- 2025ImageGem: In-the-wild Generative Image Interaction Dataset for Generative Model Personalizationcited by 2
- 2025Visual Exploration of Feature Relationships in Sparse Autoencoders with Curated Conceptscited by 2
- 2024VERA: Generating Visual Explanations of Two-Dimensional Embeddings via Region Annotationcited by 1
12 most cited of 22 All 22 (JSON)
- 2026ASAP: Visual Analytics for Identifying and Analyzing Image Patterns in AI-generated Images23 Sep 2026
- 2026LatentVerse: A Framework for Understanding Shared and Modality-Specific Information in Multimodal Latent Representations11 Sep 2026
- 2026LatentFlow: Visual Analytics for Latent Space Analysis in Molecular Graph Neural Networks24 Jul 2026
- 2025Graphing the Truth: Structured Visualizations for Automated Hallucination Detection in LLMs29 Nov 2025
- 2025Visual Exploration of Feature Relationships in Sparse Autoencoders with Curated Concepts8 Nov 2025
- 2025ImageGem: In-the-wild Generative Image Interaction Dataset for Generative Model Personalization21 Oct 2025
- 2025Evalet: Evaluating Large Language Models through Functional Fragmentation14 Sep 2025
- 2025GeneVA: A Dataset of Human Annotations for Generative Text to Video Artifacts10 Sep 2025
- 2025AKRMap: Adaptive Kernel Regression for Trustworthy Visualization of Cross-Modal Embeddings20 May 2025
- 2025Embedding Atlas: Low-Friction, Interactive Embedding Visualization9 May 2025
- 2025Interactivity x Explainability: Toward Understanding How Interactivity Can Improve Computer Vision Explanations14 Apr 2025
- 2025A Scalable Approach to Clustering Embedding Projections9 Apr 2025
12 newest of 22 All 22 (JSON)