mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Extracting Cultural Commonsense Knowledge at Scale

arXiv 2210.07763 ↗First posted 14 Oct 2022cs.CL cs.AIcited by 76

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Abstract (arXiv)

Structured knowledge is important for many AI applications. Commonsense knowledge, which is crucial for robust human-centric AI, is covered by a small number of structured knowledge projects. However, they lack knowledge about human traits and behaviors conditioned on socio-cultural contexts, which is crucial for situative AI. This paper presents CANDLE, an end-to-end methodology for extracting high-quality cultural commonsense knowledge (CCSK) at scale. CANDLE extracts CCSK assertions from a huge web corpus and organizes them into coherent clusters, for 3 domains of subjects (geography, religion, occupation) and several cultural facets (food, drinks, clothing, traditions, rituals, behaviors). CANDLE includes judicious techniques for classification-based filtering and scoring of interestingness. Experimental evaluations show the superiority of the CANDLE CCSK collection over prior works, and an extrinsic use case demonstrates the benefits of CCSK for the GPT-3 language model. Code and data can be accessed at https://candle.mpi-inf.mpg.de/.

Key facts. Cited by 76 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 31 of its 50 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Oct 2022.

Builds on

31 of 50 references.

References · 31

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,204
  2. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
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  6. 2017A Broad-Coverage Challenge Corpus for Sentence Understanding through Inferencecited by 2,665
  7. 2020REALM: Retrieval-Augmented Language Model Pre-Trainingcited by 2,126
  8. 2019Language Models as Knowledge Bases?cited by 1,922
  9. 2015A Diversity-Promoting Objective Function for Neural Conversation Modelscited by 1,068
  10. 2016ConceptNet 5.5: An Open Multilingual Graph of General Knowledgecited by 1,065
  11. 2020Knowledge Graphscited by 619
  12. 2019COMET: Commonsense Transformers for Automatic Knowledge Graph Constructioncited by 450
19 more
  1. 2019Benchmarking Zero-shot Text Classification: Datasets, Evaluation and Entailment Approachcited by 299
  2. 2021Symbolic Knowledge Distillation: from General Language Models to Commonsense Modelscited by 270
  3. 2020COMET-ATOMIC 2020: On Symbolic and Neural Commonsense Knowledge Graphscited by 254
  4. 2021Visually Grounded Reasoning across Languages and Culturescited by 188
  5. 2020How Context Affects Language Models' Factual Predictionscited by 181
  6. 2019ASER: A Large-scale Eventuality Knowledge Graphcited by 89
  7. 2021Broaden the Vision: Geo-Diverse Visual Commonsense Reasoningcited by 59
  8. 2020Machine Knowledge: Creation and Curation of Comprehensive Knowledge Basescited by 55
  9. 2020TransOMCS: From Linguistic Graphs to Commonsense Knowledgecited by 52
  10. 2020GenericsKB: A Knowledge Base of Generic Statementscited by 51
  11. 2020CSKG: The CommonSense Knowledge Graphcited by 45
  12. 2022GeoMLAMA: Geo-Diverse Commonsense Probing on Multilingual Pre-Trained Language Modelscited by 30
  13. 2020Towards an Atlas of Cultural Commonsense for Machine Reasoningcited by 28
  14. 2021ASER: Towards Large-scale Commonsense Knowledge Acquisition via Higher-order Selectional Preference over Eventualitiescited by 28
  15. 2019Commonsense Properties from Query Logs and Question Answering Forumscited by 26
  16. 2020Advanced Semantics for Commonsense Knowledge Extractioncited by 24
  17. 2021Refined Commonsense Knowledge from Large-Scale Web Contentscited by 19
  18. 2022StereoKG: Data-Driven Knowledge Graph Construction for Cultural Knowledge and Stereotypescited by 14
  19. 2021Materialized Knowledge Bases from Commonsense Transformerscited by 2

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 5; 2024: 33; 2025: 22; 2026: 16.

76 papers.

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  1. 2024BLEnD: A Benchmark for LLMs on Everyday Knowledge in Diverse Cultures and Languagescited by 171
  2. 2024Towards Measuring and Modeling "Culture" in LLMs: A Surveycited by 166
  3. 2023Having Beer after Prayer? Measuring Cultural Bias in Large Language Modelscited by 153
  4. 2024Benchmarking Vision Language Models for Cultural Understandingcited by 100
  5. 2024CultureBank: An Online Community-Driven Knowledge Base Towards Culturally Aware Language Technologiescited by 98
  6. 2023Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: Opportunities and Challengescited by 71
  7. 2023GPT4GEO: How a Language Model Sees the World's Geographycited by 68
  8. 2024Massively Multi-Cultural Knowledge Acquisition & LM Benchmarkingcited by 63
  9. 2024CULTURE-GEN: Revealing Global Cultural Perception in Language Models through Natural Language Promptingcited by 55
  10. 2024Understanding the Capabilities and Limitations of Large Language Models for Cultural Commonsensecited by 50
  11. 2024CultureLLM: Incorporating Cultural Differences into Large Language Modelscited by 49
  12. 2024NormAd: A Framework for Measuring the Cultural Adaptability of Large Language Modelscited by 47
38 more
  1. 2024Evaluating Cultural and Social Awareness of LLM Web Agentscited by 43
  2. 2025Culture is Not Trivia: Sociocultural Theory for Cultural NLPcited by 40
  3. 2024IndoCulture: Exploring Geographically-Influenced Cultural Commonsense Reasoning Across Eleven Indonesian Provincescited by 38
  4. 2024CaLMQA: Exploring culturally specific long-form question answering across 23 languagescited by 31
  5. 2024Beyond Aesthetics: Cultural Competence in Text-to-Image Modelscited by 30
  6. 2024CulturalTeaming: AI-Assisted Interactive Red-Teaming for Challenging LLMs' (Lack of) Multicultural Knowledgecited by 28
  7. 2024CulturalBench: A Robust, Diverse, and Challenging Cultural Benchmark by Human-AI CulturalTeamingcited by 27
  8. 2024Recent Advances in Hate Speech Moderation: Multimodality and the Role of Large Modelscited by 26
  9. 2024Culturally Aware and Adapted NLP: A Taxonomy and a Survey of the State of the Artcited by 26
  10. 2024CulturePark: Boosting Cross-cultural Understanding in Large Language Modelscited by 24
  11. 2024Extrinsic Evaluation of Cultural Competence in Large Language Modelscited by 24
  12. 2024DOSA: A Dataset of Social Artifacts from Different Indian Geographical Subculturescited by 23
  13. 2025Presumed Cultural Identity: How Names Shape LLM Responsescited by 21
  14. 2024Cultural Commonsense Knowledge for Intercultural Dialoguescited by 20
  15. 2025Palm: A Culturally Inclusive and Linguistically Diverse Dataset for Arabic LLMscited by 15
  16. 2025CARE: Multilingual Human Preference Learning for Cultural Awarenesscited by 15
  17. 2024From Local Concepts to Universals: Evaluating the Multicultural Understanding of Vision-Language Modelscited by 14
  18. 2025Beyond Words: Exploring Cultural Value Sensitivity in Multimodal Modelscited by 14
  19. 2025CulFiT: A Fine-grained Cultural-aware LLM Training Paradigm via Multilingual Critique Data Synthesiscited by 14
  20. 2023GD-COMET: A Geo-Diverse Commonsense Inference Modelcited by 13
  21. 2025Evaluating the Quality of Benchmark Datasets for Low-Resource Languages: A Case Study on Turkishcited by 12
  22. 2024mCSQA: Multilingual Commonsense Reasoning Dataset with Unified Creation Strategy by Language Models and Humanscited by 10
  23. 2024SafeWorld: Geo-Diverse Safety Alignmentcited by 10
  24. 2024The Power of Many: Multi-Agent Multimodal Models for Cultural Image Captioningcited by 9
  25. 2024CIC: A Framework for Culturally-Aware Image Captioningcited by 8
  26. 2024Attributing Culture-Conditioned Generations to Pretraining Corporacited by 8
  27. 2025SaudiCulture: A Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models Cultural Competence within Saudi Arabiacited by 8
  28. 2025When Cultures Meet: Multicultural Text-to-Image Generationcited by 7
  29. 2024Unveiling and Mitigating Bias in Large Language Model Recommendations: A Path to Fairnesscited by 6
  30. 2024One world, one opinion? The superstar effect in LLM responsescited by 5
  31. 2025CAReDiO: Cultural Alignment via Representativeness and Distinctiveness Guided Data Optimizationcited by 5
  32. 2025AI Agent Behavioral Sciencecited by 5
  33. 2025DIWALI: Diversity and Inclusivity aWare cuLture specific Items for India: Dataset and Assessment of LLMs for Cultural Text Adaptation in Indian Contextcited by 5
  34. 2025A large-scale evaluation of commonsense knowledge in humans and large language modelscited by 4
  35. 2025VideoNorms: Benchmarking Cultural Awareness of Video Language Modelscited by 4
  36. 2026Steering LLMs for Culturally Localized Generationcited by 4
  37. 2025What are Foundation Models Cooking in the Post-Soviet World?cited by 3
  38. 2025Evaluation of Cultural Competence of Vision-Language Modelscited by 3

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