mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Deep Learning for Iris Recognition: A Survey

arXiv 2210.05866 ↗First posted 12 Oct 2022cs.CV cs.AIcited by 25

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Abstract (arXiv)

In this survey, we provide a comprehensive review of more than 200 papers, technical reports, and GitHub repositories published over the last 10 years on the recent developments of deep learning techniques for iris recognition, covering broad topics on algorithm designs, open-source tools, open challenges, and emerging research. First, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of deep learning techniques developed for two main sub-tasks in iris biometrics: segmentation and recognition. Second, we focus on deep learning techniques for the robustness of iris recognition systems against presentation attacks and via human-machine pairing. Third, we delve deep into deep learning techniques for forensic application, especially in post-mortem iris recognition. Fourth, we review open-source resources and tools in deep learning techniques for iris recognition. Finally, we highlight the technical challenges, emerging research trends, and outlook for the future of deep learning in iris recognition.

Key facts. Cited by 25 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 67 of its 210 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Oct 2022.

Builds on

67 of 210 references.

References · 67

  1. 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,604
  2. 2014Fully Convolutional Networks for Semantic Segmentationcited by 4,845
  3. 2016DeepLab: Semantic Image Segmentation with Deep Convolutional Nets, Atrous Convolution, and Fully Connected CRFscited by 3,239
  4. 2015FaceNet: A Unified Embedding for Face Recognition and Clusteringcited by 2,833
  5. 2016Pyramid Scene Parsing Networkcited by 2,472
  6. 2015Learning Deep Features for Discriminative Localizationcited by 2,430
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  9. 2015SegNet: A Deep Convolutional Encoder-Decoder Architecture for Image Segmentationcited by 1,483
  10. 2015Multi-Scale Context Aggregation by Dilated Convolutionscited by 1,128
  11. 2016RefineNet: Multi-Path Refinement Networks for High-Resolution Semantic Segmentationcited by 463
  12. 2021Pruning and Quantization for Deep Neural Network Acceleration: A Surveycited by 259
38 more
  1. 2015ParseNet: Looking Wider to See Bettercited by 176
  2. 2021Biometrics: Trust, but Verifycited by 39
  3. 2019In Defense of the Triplet Loss Again: Learning Robust Person Re-Identification with Fast Approximated Triplet Loss and Label Distillationcited by 34
  4. 2020This Face Does Not Exist ... But It Might Be Yours! Identity Leakage in Generative Modelscited by 33
  5. 2021CYBORG: Blending Human Saliency Into the Loss Improves Deep Learningcited by 33
  6. 2019Post-mortem Iris Recognition with Deep-Learning-based Image Segmentationcited by 32
  7. 2019OpenEDS: Open Eye Datasetcited by 27
  8. 2020Iris Liveness Detection Competition (LivDet-Iris) -- The 2020 Editioncited by 27
  9. 2021Human-Aided Saliency Maps Improve Generalization of Deep Learningcited by 27
  10. 2020D-NetPAD: An Explainable and Interpretable Iris Presentation Attack Detectorcited by 26
  11. 2018Presentation Attack Detection for Iris Recognition: An Assessment of the State of the Artcited by 24
  12. 2014Deep Representations for Iris, Face, and Fingerprint Spoofing Detectioncited by 21
  13. 2018A Survey on Periocular Biometrics Researchcited by 20
  14. 2017Synthetic Iris Presentation Attack using iDCGANcited by 17
  15. 2020CIT-GAN: Cyclic Image Translation Generative Adversarial Network With Application in Iris Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 16
  16. 2021Iris Presentation Attack Detection by Attention-based and Deep Pixel-wise Binary Supervision Networkcited by 15
  17. 2020Iris Presentation Attack Detection: Where Are We Now?cited by 14
  18. 2015A mathematical motivation for complex-valued convolutional networkscited by 13
  19. 2018Iris Recognition After Deathcited by 13
  20. 2018Periocular Recognition Using CNN Features Off-the-Shelfcited by 13
  21. 2019CC-Net: Image Complexity Guided Network Compression for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 13
  22. 2020Demographic Bias in Presentation Attack Detection of Iris Recognition Systemscited by 13
  23. 2021Quality Measures in Biometric Systemscited by 12
  24. 2018Performance of Humans in Iris Recognition: The Impact of Iris Condition and Annotation-driven Verificationcited by 11
  25. 2017An Experimental Study of Deep Convolutional Features For Iris Recognitioncited by 10
  26. 2018Presentation Attack Detection for Cadaver Iriscited by 10
  27. 2021Deep GAN-Based Cross-Spectral Cross-Resolution Iris Recognitioncited by 10
  28. 2021On the Effect of Selfie Beautification Filters on Face Detection and Recognitioncited by 10
  29. 2021Iris Liveness Detection using a Cascade of Dedicated Deep Learning Networkscited by 9
  30. 2018TrISec: Training Data-Unaware Imperceptible Security Attacks on Deep Neural Networkscited by 8
  31. 2019ThirdEye: Triplet Based Iris Recognition without Normalizationcited by 8
  32. 2019Post-Mortem Iris Recognition Resistant to Biological Eye Decay Processescited by 8
  33. 2020On Benchmarking Iris Recognition within a Head-mounted Display for AR/VR Applicationcited by 8
  34. 2021Interpretable Deep Learning-Based Forensic Iris Segmentation and Recognitioncited by 8
  35. 2020Robust Iris Presentation Attack Detection Fusing 2D and 3D Informationcited by 7
  36. 2020Open Source Iris Recognition Hardware and Software with Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 7
  37. 2020Generalized Iris Presentation Attack Detection Algorithm under Cross-Database Settingscited by 7
  38. 2021Facial Masks and Soft-Biometrics: Leveraging Face Recognition CNNs for Age and Gender Prediction on Mobile Ocular Imagescited by 7

50 most cited of 67 All 67 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2023: 6; 2024: 3; 2025: 11; 2026: 5.

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  1. 2023Eye-tracked Virtual Reality: A Comprehensive Survey on Methods and Privacy Challengescited by 12
  2. 2025Towards Iris Presentation Attack Detection with Foundation Modelscited by 6
  3. 2025Deep Learning in Palmprint Recognition-A Comprehensive Surveycited by 5
  4. 2023Deep Learning for Iris Recognition: A Reviewcited by 4
  5. 2023One-Shot Learning for Periocular Recognition: Exploring the Effect of Domain Adaptation and Data Bias on Deep Representationscited by 4
  6. 2024Combined CNN and ViT features off-the-shelf: Another astounding baseline for recognitioncited by 3
  7. 2025Diffusion Models in Recommendation Systems: A Surveycited by 3
  8. 2023ECG-Based Patient Identification: A Comprehensive Evaluation Across Health and Activity Conditionscited by 1
  9. 2023Alpha-wolves and Alpha-mammals: Exploring Dictionary Attacks on Iris Recognition Systemscited by 1
  10. 2024VRBiom: A New Periocular Dataset for Biometric Applications of HMDcited by 1
  11. 2025Iris Style Transfer: Enhancing Iris Recognition with Style Features and Privacy Preservation through Neural Style Transfercited by 1
  12. 2025DOOMGAN:High-Fidelity Dynamic Identity Obfuscation Ocular Generative Morphingcited by 1
13 more
  1. 2025ImmerIris: A Large-Scale Dataset and Benchmark for Off-Axis and Unconstrained Iris Recognition in Immersive Applicationscited by 1
  2. 2025SpectraIrisPAD: Leveraging Vision Foundation Models for Spectrally Conditioned Multispectral Iris Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 1
  3. 2023Ethnicity and Biometric Uniqueness: Iris Pattern Individuality in a West African Databasecited by 0
  4. 2024Trustworthy Compression? Impact of AI-based Codecs on Biometrics for Law Enforcementcited by 0
  5. 2025A Siamese Network to Detect If Two Iris Images Are Monozygoticcited by 0
  6. 2025An Investigation of Ear-EEG Signals for a Novel Biometric Authentication Systemcited by 0
  7. 2025A comprehensive Persian offline handwritten database for investigating the effects of heritability and family relationships on handwritingcited by 0
  8. 2025Beyond Sub-6 GHz: Leveraging mmWave Wi-Fi for Gait-Based Person Identificationcited by 0
  9. 2026Generalist Multimodal LLMs Gain Biometric Expertise via Human Saliencecited by 0
  10. 2026VISER: Visually-Informed System for Enhanced Robustness in Iris Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 0
  11. 2026A Systematic Failure Analysis of Vision Foundation Models for Open Set Iris Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 0
  12. 2026Towards Robust Iris Recognition Through Occlusion Identification and Conditional Diffusion-Based Reconstructioncited by 0
  13. 2026Detecting Clear Contact Lenses for Iris Recognition: A Two-Stage Mask-Guided Attention Approachcited by 0