Post-mortem Iris Recognition with Deep-Learning-based Image Segmentation
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper proposes the first known to us iris recognition methodology designed specifically for post-mortem samples. We propose to use deep learning-based iris segmentation models to extract highly irregular iris texture areas in post-mortem iris images. We show how to use segmentation masks predicted by neural networks in conventional, Gabor-based iris recognition method, which employs circular approximations of the pupillary and limbic iris boundaries. As a whole, this method allows for a significant improvement in post-mortem iris recognition accuracy over the methods designed only for ante-mortem irises, including the academic OSIRIS and commercial IriCore implementations. The proposed method reaches the EER less than 1% for samples collected up to 10 hours after death, when compared to 16.89% and 5.37% of EER observed for OSIRIS and IriCore, respectively. For samples collected up to 369 hours post-mortem, the proposed method achieves the EER 21.45%, while 33.59% and 25.38% are observed for OSIRIS and IriCore, respectively. Additionally, the method is tested on a database of iris images collected from ophthalmology clinic patients, for which it also offers an advantage over the two other algorithms. This work is the first step towards post-mortem-specific iris recognition, which increases the chances of identification of deceased subjects in forensic investigations. The new database of post-mortem iris images acquired from 42 subjects, as well as the deep learning-based segmentation models are made available along with the paper, to ensure all the results presented in this manuscript are reproducible.
Key facts. Cited by 32 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 7 Jan 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 4; 2023: 5; 2024: 5; 2025: 8; 2026: 4.
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- 2021Human-Aided Saliency Maps Improve Generalization of Deep Learningcited by 27
- 2022Deep Learning for Iris Recognition: A Surveycited by 25
- 2023Iris Liveness Detection Competition (LivDet-Iris) -- The 2023 Editioncited by 13
- 2022Human Saliency-Driven Patch-based Matching for Interpretable Post-mortem Iris Recognitioncited by 11
- 2021Iris Liveness Detection using a Cascade of Dedicated Deep Learning Networkscited by 9
- 2021Interpretable Deep Learning-Based Forensic Iris Segmentation and Recognitioncited by 8
- 2022Haven't I Seen You Before? Assessing Identity Leakage in Synthetic Irisescited by 6
- 2024Privacy-Safe Iris Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 6
- 2025Towards Iris Presentation Attack Detection with Foundation Modelscited by 6
- 2023Forensic Iris Image Synthesiscited by 5
- 2023Deep Learning for Iris Recognition: A Reviewcited by 4
- 2023MENTOR: Human Perception-Guided Pretraining for Increased Generalizationcited by 4
20 more
- 2024Grains of Saliency: Optimizing Saliency-based Training of Biometric Attack Detection Modelscited by 4
- 2021Introduction to Presentation Attack Detection in Iris Biometrics and Recent Advancescited by 3
- 2023Investigating Weight-Perturbed Deep Neural Networks With Application in Iris Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 3
- 2024Post-Mortem Human Iris Segmentation Analysis with Deep Learningcited by 2
- 2025Iris Recognition for Infantscited by 2
- 2021A systematic review of transfer learning based approaches for diabetic retinopathy detectioncited by 1
- 2022State Of The Art In Open-Set Iris Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 1
- 2025Synthetic Iris Image Databases and Identity Leakage: Risks and Mitigation Strategiescited by 1
- 2025DiffGradCAM: A Class Activation Map Using the Full Model Decision to Solve Unaddressed Adversarial Attackscited by 1
- 2021KartalOl: Transfer learning using deep neural network for iris segmentation and localization: New dataset for iris segmentationcited by 0
- 2024Forensic Iris Image-Based Post-Mortem Interval Estimationcited by 0
- 2024Training Better Deep Learning Models Using Human Saliencycited by 0
- 2025A Siamese Network to Detect If Two Iris Images Are Monozygoticcited by 0
- 2025Almost Right: Making First-Layer Kernels Nearly Orthogonal Improves Model Generalizationcited by 0
- 2025Divisive Decisions: Improving Salience-Based Training for Generalization in Binary Classification Taskscited by 0
- 2025SAGE: Saliency-Guided Contrastive Embeddingscited by 0
- 2026Generalist Multimodal LLMs Gain Biometric Expertise via Human Saliencecited by 0
- 2026VISER: Visually-Informed System for Enhanced Robustness in Iris Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Beyond Mortality: Advancements in Post-Mortem Iris Recognition through Data Collection and Computer-Aided Forensic Examinationcited by 0
- 2026What's Old is New Again: Classical Dimensionality Reduction for Efficient Saliency-Guided Biometric Attack Detectioncited by 0
- 2026What's Old is New Again: Classical Dimensionality Reduction for Efficient Saliency-Guided Biometric Attack Detection11 Jun 2026
- 2026Beyond Mortality: Advancements in Post-Mortem Iris Recognition through Data Collection and Computer-Aided Forensic Examination27 Mar 2026
- 2026VISER: Visually-Informed System for Enhanced Robustness in Iris Presentation Attack Detection18 Mar 2026
- 2026Generalist Multimodal LLMs Gain Biometric Expertise via Human Salience17 Mar 2026
- 2025SAGE: Saliency-Guided Contrastive Embeddings16 Nov 2025
- 2025Divisive Decisions: Improving Salience-Based Training for Generalization in Binary Classification Tasks22 Jul 2025
- 2025DiffGradCAM: A Class Activation Map Using the Full Model Decision to Solve Unaddressed Adversarial Attacks10 Jun 2025
- 2025Synthetic Iris Image Databases and Identity Leakage: Risks and Mitigation Strategies3 Jun 2025
- 2025Almost Right: Making First-Layer Kernels Nearly Orthogonal Improves Model Generalization23 Apr 2025
- 2025A Siamese Network to Detect If Two Iris Images Are Monozygotic12 Mar 2025
- 2025Towards Iris Presentation Attack Detection with Foundation Models10 Jan 2025
- 2025Iris Recognition for Infants2 Jan 2025
20 more
- 2024Training Better Deep Learning Models Using Human Saliency21 Oct 2024
- 2024Post-Mortem Human Iris Segmentation Analysis with Deep Learning6 Aug 2024
- 2024Privacy-Safe Iris Presentation Attack Detection5 Aug 2024
- 2024Grains of Saliency: Optimizing Saliency-based Training of Biometric Attack Detection Models1 May 2024
- 2024Forensic Iris Image-Based Post-Mortem Interval Estimation15 Apr 2024
- 2023Forensic Iris Image Synthesis7 Dec 2023
- 2023Investigating Weight-Perturbed Deep Neural Networks With Application in Iris Presentation Attack Detection21 Nov 2023
- 2023MENTOR: Human Perception-Guided Pretraining for Increased Generalization30 Oct 2023
- 2023Iris Liveness Detection Competition (LivDet-Iris) -- The 2023 Edition6 Oct 2023
- 2023Deep Learning for Iris Recognition: A Review15 Mar 2023
- 2022Haven't I Seen You Before? Assessing Identity Leakage in Synthetic Irises3 Nov 2022
- 2022Deep Learning for Iris Recognition: A Survey12 Oct 2022
- 2022State Of The Art In Open-Set Iris Presentation Attack Detection22 Aug 2022
- 2022Human Saliency-Driven Patch-based Matching for Interpretable Post-mortem Iris Recognition3 Aug 2022
- 2021KartalOl: Transfer learning using deep neural network for iris segmentation and localization: New dataset for iris segmentation9 Dec 2021
- 2021Interpretable Deep Learning-Based Forensic Iris Segmentation and Recognition1 Dec 2021
- 2021Introduction to Presentation Attack Detection in Iris Biometrics and Recent Advances24 Nov 2021
- 2021Iris Liveness Detection using a Cascade of Dedicated Deep Learning Networks28 May 2021
- 2021A systematic review of transfer learning based approaches for diabetic retinopathy detection28 May 2021
- 2021Human-Aided Saliency Maps Improve Generalization of Deep Learning7 May 2021
- 2021Human-Aided Saliency Maps Improve Generalization of Deep Learningcited by 27
- 2022Deep Learning for Iris Recognition: A Surveycited by 25
- 2023Iris Liveness Detection Competition (LivDet-Iris) -- The 2023 Editioncited by 13
- 2022Human Saliency-Driven Patch-based Matching for Interpretable Post-mortem Iris Recognitioncited by 11
- 2021Iris Liveness Detection using a Cascade of Dedicated Deep Learning Networkscited by 9
- 2021Interpretable Deep Learning-Based Forensic Iris Segmentation and Recognitioncited by 8
- 2022Haven't I Seen You Before? Assessing Identity Leakage in Synthetic Irisescited by 6
- 2024Privacy-Safe Iris Presentation Attack Detectioncited by 6
- 2025Towards Iris Presentation Attack Detection with Foundation Modelscited by 6
- 2023Forensic Iris Image Synthesiscited by 5
- 2023Deep Learning for Iris Recognition: A Reviewcited by 4
- 2023MENTOR: Human Perception-Guided Pretraining for Increased Generalizationcited by 4
12 most cited of 31 All 31 (JSON)
- 2026What's Old is New Again: Classical Dimensionality Reduction for Efficient Saliency-Guided Biometric Attack Detection11 Jun 2026
- 2026Beyond Mortality: Advancements in Post-Mortem Iris Recognition through Data Collection and Computer-Aided Forensic Examination27 Mar 2026
- 2026VISER: Visually-Informed System for Enhanced Robustness in Iris Presentation Attack Detection18 Mar 2026
- 2025SAGE: Saliency-Guided Contrastive Embeddings16 Nov 2025
- 2025Divisive Decisions: Improving Salience-Based Training for Generalization in Binary Classification Tasks22 Jul 2025
- 2025DiffGradCAM: A Class Activation Map Using the Full Model Decision to Solve Unaddressed Adversarial Attacks10 Jun 2025
- 2025Synthetic Iris Image Databases and Identity Leakage: Risks and Mitigation Strategies3 Jun 2025
- 2025Almost Right: Making First-Layer Kernels Nearly Orthogonal Improves Model Generalization23 Apr 2025
- 2025A Siamese Network to Detect If Two Iris Images Are Monozygotic12 Mar 2025
- 2025Towards Iris Presentation Attack Detection with Foundation Models10 Jan 2025
- 2025Iris Recognition for Infants2 Jan 2025
- 2024Training Better Deep Learning Models Using Human Saliency21 Oct 2024
12 newest of 31 All 31 (JSON)