Ergo, SMIRK is Safe: A Safety Case for a Machine Learning Component in a Pedestrian Automatic Emergency Brake System
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Abstract (arXiv)
Integration of Machine Learning (ML) components in critical applications introduces novel challenges for software certification and verification. New safety standards and technical guidelines are under development to support the safety of ML-based systems, e.g., ISO 21448 SOTIF for the automotive domain and the Assurance of Machine Learning for use in Autonomous Systems (AMLAS) framework. SOTIF and AMLAS provide high-level guidance but the details must be chiseled out for each specific case. We initiated a research project with the goal to demonstrate a complete safety case for an ML component in an open automotive system. This paper reports results from an industry-academia collaboration on safety assurance of SMIRK, an ML-based pedestrian automatic emergency braking demonstrator running in an industry-grade simulator. We demonstrate an application of AMLAS on SMIRK for a minimalistic operational design domain, i.e., we share a complete safety case for its integrated ML-based component. Finally, we report lessons learned and provide both SMIRK and the safety case under an open-source licence for the research community to reuse.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 30 of its 92 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Apr 2022.
Builds on
30 of 92 references.
References · 30
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18 more
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 1; 2024: 7; 2025: 4; 2026: 2.
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- 2024Predicting Safety Misbehaviours in Autonomous Driving Systems using Uncertainty Quantificationcited by 11
- 2024Evaluation of Out-of-Distribution Detection Performance on Autonomous Driving Datasetscited by 5
- 2024System Safety Monitoring of Learned Components Using Temporal Metric Forecastingcited by 4
- 2025Digital Twin-based Out-of-Distribution Detection in Autonomous Vesselscited by 3
- 2024EOL: Transductive Few-Shot Open-Set Recognition by Enhancing Outlier Logitscited by 2
- 2024GDFlow: Anomaly Detection with NCDE-based Normalizing Flow for Advanced Driver Assistance Systemcited by 2
- 2025Out-of-Distribution Detection for Safety Assurance of AI and Autonomous Systemscited by 2
- 2024Comparing Optical Flow and Deep Learning to Enable Computationally Efficient Traffic Event Detection with Space-Filling Curvescited by 1
- 2024Trust Calibration in IDEs: Paving the Way for Widespread Adoption of AI Refactoringcited by 1
- 2026RISC-V Functional Safety for Autonomous Automotive Systems: An Analytical Framework and Research Roadmap for ML-Assisted Certificationcited by 1
- 2023Checklist to Define the Identification of TP, FP, and FN Object Detections in Automated Drivingcited by 0
- 2025A Systematic Literature Review on Safety of the Intended Functionality for Automated Driving Systemscited by 0
- 2026RISC-V Functional Safety for Autonomous Automotive Systems: An Analytical Framework and Research Roadmap for ML-Assisted Certification19 Apr 2026
- 2026Safety Case Patterns for VLA-based driving systems: Insights from SimLingo16 Mar 2026
- 2025Out-of-Distribution Detection for Safety Assurance of AI and Autonomous Systems24 Oct 2025
- 2025PCICF: A Pedestrian Crossing Identification and Classification Framework29 Sep 2025
- 2025Digital Twin-based Out-of-Distribution Detection in Autonomous Vessels28 Apr 2025
- 2025A Systematic Literature Review on Safety of the Intended Functionality for Automated Driving Systems4 Mar 2025
- 2024Trust Calibration in IDEs: Paving the Way for Widespread Adoption of AI Refactoring20 Dec 2024
- 2024GDFlow: Anomaly Detection with NCDE-based Normalizing Flow for Advanced Driver Assistance System9 Sep 2024
- 2024EOL: Transductive Few-Shot Open-Set Recognition by Enhancing Outlier Logits4 Aug 2024
- 2024Comparing Optical Flow and Deep Learning to Enable Computationally Efficient Traffic Event Detection with Space-Filling Curves15 Jul 2024
- 2024System Safety Monitoring of Learned Components Using Temporal Metric Forecasting21 May 2024
- 2024Predicting Safety Misbehaviours in Autonomous Driving Systems using Uncertainty Quantification29 Apr 2024
- 2024Predicting Safety Misbehaviours in Autonomous Driving Systems using Uncertainty Quantificationcited by 11
- 2024Evaluation of Out-of-Distribution Detection Performance on Autonomous Driving Datasetscited by 5
- 2024System Safety Monitoring of Learned Components Using Temporal Metric Forecastingcited by 4
- 2025Digital Twin-based Out-of-Distribution Detection in Autonomous Vesselscited by 3
- 2024EOL: Transductive Few-Shot Open-Set Recognition by Enhancing Outlier Logitscited by 2
- 2024GDFlow: Anomaly Detection with NCDE-based Normalizing Flow for Advanced Driver Assistance Systemcited by 2
- 2025Out-of-Distribution Detection for Safety Assurance of AI and Autonomous Systemscited by 2
- 2024Comparing Optical Flow and Deep Learning to Enable Computationally Efficient Traffic Event Detection with Space-Filling Curvescited by 1
- 2024Trust Calibration in IDEs: Paving the Way for Widespread Adoption of AI Refactoringcited by 1
- 2026RISC-V Functional Safety for Autonomous Automotive Systems: An Analytical Framework and Research Roadmap for ML-Assisted Certificationcited by 1
- 2023Checklist to Define the Identification of TP, FP, and FN Object Detections in Automated Drivingcited by 0
- 2025A Systematic Literature Review on Safety of the Intended Functionality for Automated Driving Systemscited by 0
12 most cited of 13 All 13 (JSON)
- 2026RISC-V Functional Safety for Autonomous Automotive Systems: An Analytical Framework and Research Roadmap for ML-Assisted Certification19 Apr 2026
- 2025Out-of-Distribution Detection for Safety Assurance of AI and Autonomous Systems24 Oct 2025
- 2025PCICF: A Pedestrian Crossing Identification and Classification Framework29 Sep 2025
- 2025Digital Twin-based Out-of-Distribution Detection in Autonomous Vessels28 Apr 2025
- 2025A Systematic Literature Review on Safety of the Intended Functionality for Automated Driving Systems4 Mar 2025
- 2024Trust Calibration in IDEs: Paving the Way for Widespread Adoption of AI Refactoring20 Dec 2024
- 2024GDFlow: Anomaly Detection with NCDE-based Normalizing Flow for Advanced Driver Assistance System9 Sep 2024
- 2024EOL: Transductive Few-Shot Open-Set Recognition by Enhancing Outlier Logits4 Aug 2024
- 2024Comparing Optical Flow and Deep Learning to Enable Computationally Efficient Traffic Event Detection with Space-Filling Curves15 Jul 2024
- 2024System Safety Monitoring of Learned Components Using Temporal Metric Forecasting21 May 2024
- 2024Predicting Safety Misbehaviours in Autonomous Driving Systems using Uncertainty Quantification29 Apr 2024
- 2024Evaluation of Out-of-Distribution Detection Performance on Autonomous Driving Datasets30 Jan 2024
12 newest of 13 All 13 (JSON)