Towards Structured Evaluation of Deep Neural Network Supervisors
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Abstract (arXiv)
Deep Neural Networks (DNN) have improved the quality of several non-safety related products in the past years. However, before DNNs should be deployed to safety-critical applications, their robustness needs to be systematically analyzed. A common challenge for DNNs occurs when input is dissimilar to the training set, which might lead to high confidence predictions despite proper knowledge of the input. Several previous studies have proposed to complement DNNs with a supervisor that detects when inputs are outside the scope of the network. Most of these supervisors, however, are developed and tested for a selected scenario using a specific performance metric. In this work, we emphasize the need to assess and compare the performance of supervisors in a structured way. We present a framework constituted by four datasets organized in six test cases combined with seven evaluation metrics. The test cases provide varying complexity and include data from publicly available sources as well as a novel dataset consisting of images from simulated driving scenarios. The latter we plan to make publicly available. Our framework can be used to support DNN supervisor evaluation, which in turn could be used to motive development, validation, and deployment of DNNs in safety-critical applications.
Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 4 Mar 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 9; 2023: 0; 2024: 4; 2025: 1.
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- 2021How to Certify Machine Learning Based Safety-critical Systems? A Systematic Literature Reviewcited by 36
- 2021DeepGuard: A Framework for Safeguarding Autonomous Driving Systems from Inconsistent Behaviorcited by 17
- 2022AEON: A Method for Automatic Evaluation of NLP Test Casescited by 15
- 2021Benchmarking Safety Monitors for Image Classifiers with Machine Learningcited by 14
- 2022Ergo, SMIRK is Safe: A Safety Case for a Machine Learning Component in a Pedestrian Automatic Emergency Brake Systemcited by 14
- 2021Fail-Safe Execution of Deep Learning based Systems through Uncertainty Monitoringcited by 11
- 2024Predicting Safety Misbehaviours in Autonomous Driving Systems using Uncertainty Quantificationcited by 11
- 2021Performance Analysis of Out-of-Distribution Detection on Various Trained Neural Networkscited by 9
- 2022Generating and Detecting True Ambiguity: A Forgotten Danger in DNN Supervision Testingcited by 8
- 2022Performance Analysis of Out-of-Distribution Detection on Trained Neural Networkscited by 7
- 2024Evaluation of Out-of-Distribution Detection Performance on Autonomous Driving Datasetscited by 5
- 2022Evaluation of Runtime Monitoring for UAV Emergency Landingcited by 4
7 more
- 2024System Safety Monitoring of Learned Components Using Temporal Metric Forecastingcited by 4
- 2022Exploring ML testing in practice -- Lessons learned from an interactive rapid review with Axis Communicationscited by 3
- 2022Uncertainty Quantification for Deep Neural Networks: An Empirical Comparison and Usage Guidelinescited by 3
- 2024Monitizer: Automating Design and Evaluation of Neural Network Monitorscited by 2
- 2025Out-of-Distribution Detection for Safety Assurance of AI and Autonomous Systemscited by 2
- 2022Understanding the Impact of Edge Cases from Occluded Pedestrians for ML Systemscited by 1
- 2022CheapET-3: Cost-Efficient Use of Remote DNN Modelscited by 1
- 2025Out-of-Distribution Detection for Safety Assurance of AI and Autonomous Systems24 Oct 2025
- 2024System Safety Monitoring of Learned Components Using Temporal Metric Forecasting21 May 2024
- 2024Monitizer: Automating Design and Evaluation of Neural Network Monitors16 May 2024
- 2024Predicting Safety Misbehaviours in Autonomous Driving Systems using Uncertainty Quantification29 Apr 2024
- 2024Evaluation of Out-of-Distribution Detection Performance on Autonomous Driving Datasets30 Jan 2024
- 2022Uncertainty Quantification for Deep Neural Networks: An Empirical Comparison and Usage Guidelines14 Dec 2022
- 2022CheapET-3: Cost-Efficient Use of Remote DNN Models24 Aug 2022
- 2022Generating and Detecting True Ambiguity: A Forgotten Danger in DNN Supervision Testing21 Jul 2022
- 2022AEON: A Method for Automatic Evaluation of NLP Test Cases13 May 2022
- 2022Understanding the Impact of Edge Cases from Occluded Pedestrians for ML Systems26 Apr 2022
- 2022Performance Analysis of Out-of-Distribution Detection on Trained Neural Networks26 Apr 2022
- 2022Ergo, SMIRK is Safe: A Safety Case for a Machine Learning Component in a Pedestrian Automatic Emergency Brake System16 Apr 2022
7 more
- 2022Exploring ML testing in practice -- Lessons learned from an interactive rapid review with Axis Communications30 Mar 2022
- 2022Evaluation of Runtime Monitoring for UAV Emergency Landing7 Feb 2022
- 2021DeepGuard: A Framework for Safeguarding Autonomous Driving Systems from Inconsistent Behavior18 Nov 2021
- 2021Benchmarking Safety Monitors for Image Classifiers with Machine Learning4 Oct 2021
- 2021How to Certify Machine Learning Based Safety-critical Systems? A Systematic Literature Review26 Jul 2021
- 2021Performance Analysis of Out-of-Distribution Detection on Various Trained Neural Networks29 Mar 2021
- 2021Fail-Safe Execution of Deep Learning based Systems through Uncertainty Monitoring1 Feb 2021
- 2021How to Certify Machine Learning Based Safety-critical Systems? A Systematic Literature Reviewcited by 36
- 2021DeepGuard: A Framework for Safeguarding Autonomous Driving Systems from Inconsistent Behaviorcited by 17
- 2022AEON: A Method for Automatic Evaluation of NLP Test Casescited by 15
- 2021Benchmarking Safety Monitors for Image Classifiers with Machine Learningcited by 14
- 2022Ergo, SMIRK is Safe: A Safety Case for a Machine Learning Component in a Pedestrian Automatic Emergency Brake Systemcited by 14
- 2021Fail-Safe Execution of Deep Learning based Systems through Uncertainty Monitoringcited by 11
- 2024Predicting Safety Misbehaviours in Autonomous Driving Systems using Uncertainty Quantificationcited by 11
- 2021Performance Analysis of Out-of-Distribution Detection on Various Trained Neural Networkscited by 9
- 2022Generating and Detecting True Ambiguity: A Forgotten Danger in DNN Supervision Testingcited by 8
- 2022Performance Analysis of Out-of-Distribution Detection on Trained Neural Networkscited by 7
- 2024Evaluation of Out-of-Distribution Detection Performance on Autonomous Driving Datasetscited by 5
- 2022Evaluation of Runtime Monitoring for UAV Emergency Landingcited by 4
12 most cited of 19 All 19 (JSON)
- 2025Out-of-Distribution Detection for Safety Assurance of AI and Autonomous Systems24 Oct 2025
- 2024System Safety Monitoring of Learned Components Using Temporal Metric Forecasting21 May 2024
- 2024Monitizer: Automating Design and Evaluation of Neural Network Monitors16 May 2024
- 2024Predicting Safety Misbehaviours in Autonomous Driving Systems using Uncertainty Quantification29 Apr 2024
- 2024Evaluation of Out-of-Distribution Detection Performance on Autonomous Driving Datasets30 Jan 2024
- 2022Uncertainty Quantification for Deep Neural Networks: An Empirical Comparison and Usage Guidelines14 Dec 2022
- 2022CheapET-3: Cost-Efficient Use of Remote DNN Models24 Aug 2022
- 2022Generating and Detecting True Ambiguity: A Forgotten Danger in DNN Supervision Testing21 Jul 2022
- 2022AEON: A Method for Automatic Evaluation of NLP Test Cases13 May 2022
- 2022Understanding the Impact of Edge Cases from Occluded Pedestrians for ML Systems26 Apr 2022
- 2022Performance Analysis of Out-of-Distribution Detection on Trained Neural Networks26 Apr 2022
- 2022Ergo, SMIRK is Safe: A Safety Case for a Machine Learning Component in a Pedestrian Automatic Emergency Brake System16 Apr 2022
12 newest of 19 All 19 (JSON)