TSPNet: Hierarchical Feature Learning via Temporal Semantic Pyramid for Sign Language Translation
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Abstract (arXiv)
Sign language translation (SLT) aims to interpret sign video sequences into text-based natural language sentences. Sign videos consist of continuous sequences of sign gestures with no clear boundaries in between. Existing SLT models usually represent sign visual features in a frame-wise manner so as to avoid needing to explicitly segmenting the videos into isolated signs. However, these methods neglect the temporal information of signs and lead to substantial ambiguity in translation. In this paper, we explore the temporal semantic structures of signvideos to learn more discriminative features. To this end, we first present a novel sign video segment representation which takes into account multiple temporal granularities, thus alleviating the need for accurate video segmentation. Taking advantage of the proposed segment representation, we develop a novel hierarchical sign video feature learning method via a temporal semantic pyramid network, called TSPNet. Specifically, TSPNet introduces an inter-scale attention to evaluate and enhance local semantic consistency of sign segments and an intra-scale attention to resolve semantic ambiguity by using non-local video context. Experiments show that our TSPNet outperforms the state-of-the-art with significant improvements on the BLEU score (from 9.58 to 13.41) and ROUGE score (from 31.80 to 34.96)on the largest commonly-used SLT dataset. Our implementation is available at https://github.com/verashira/TSPNet.
Key facts. Cited by 75 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 12 Oct 2020.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 9; 2022: 11; 2023: 13; 2024: 23; 2025: 13; 2026: 6.
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- 2021Improving Sign Language Translation with Monolingual Data by Sign Back-Translationcited by 177
- 2022Two-Stream Network for Sign Language Recognition and Translationcited by 122
- 2023Gloss-free Sign Language Translation: Improving from Visual-Language Pretrainingcited by 104
- 2022A Simple Multi-Modality Transfer Learning Baseline for Sign Language Translationcited by 80
- 2024LLMs are Good Sign Language Translatorscited by 76
- 2022Open-Domain Sign Language Translation Learned from Online Videocited by 72
- 2023SignBERT+: Hand-model-aware Self-supervised Pre-training for Sign Language Understandingcited by 59
- 2024Sign2GPT: Leveraging Large Language Models for Gloss-Free Sign Language Translationcited by 56
- 2021ARVo: Learning All-Range Volumetric Correspondence for Video Deblurringcited by 54
- 2023Gloss Attention for Gloss-free Sign Language Translationcited by 50
- 2023Neural Sign Actors: A diffusion model for 3D sign language production from textcited by 48
- 2023Natural Language-Assisted Sign Language Recognitioncited by 46
38 more
- 2023Sign Language Translation from Instructional Videoscited by 39
- 2023SLTUNET: A Simple Unified Model for Sign Language Translationcited by 35
- 2023CiCo: Domain-Aware Sign Language Retrieval via Cross-Lingual Contrastive Learningcited by 32
- 2023Gloss-Free End-to-End Sign Language Translationcited by 31
- 2024Improving Gloss-free Sign Language Translation by Reducing Representation Densitycited by 30
- 2021Aligning Subtitles in Sign Language Videoscited by 26
- 2021SimulSLT: End-to-End Simultaneous Sign Language Translationcited by 26
- 2024Factorized Learning Assisted with Large Language Model for Gloss-free Sign Language Translationcited by 23
- 2024C2RL: Content and Context Representation Learning for Gloss-free Sign Language Translation and Retrievalcited by 23
- 2023Conditional Variational Autoencoder for Sign Language Translation with Cross-Modal Alignmentcited by 22
- 2022Sign Language Video Retrieval with Free-Form Textual Queriescited by 21
- 2022Machine Translation from Signed to Spoken Languages: State of the Art and Challengescited by 20
- 2022Automatic dense annotation of large-vocabulary sign language videoscited by 20
- 2023Sign Language Translation with Iterative Prototypecited by 20
- 2024Scaling up Multimodal Pre-training for Sign Language Understandingcited by 20
- 2024A Simple Baseline for Spoken Language to Sign Language Translation with 3D Avatarscited by 18
- 2024Discrete to Continuous: Generating Smooth Transition Poses from Sign Language Observationcited by 16
- 2022Jointly Harnessing Prior Structures and Temporal Consistency for Sign Language Video Generationcited by 14
- 2023Sign Language Production with Latent Motion Transformercited by 13
- 2024Leveraging the Power of MLLMs for Gloss-Free Sign Language Translationcited by 13
- 2025Bridging Sign and Spoken Languages: Pseudo Gloss Generation for Sign Language Translationcited by 12
- 2021PiSLTRc: Position-informed Sign Language Transformer with Content-aware Convolutioncited by 11
- 2022A Token-level Contrastive Framework for Sign Language Translationcited by 10
- 2024Multi-Stream Keypoint Attention Network for Sign Language Recognition and Translationcited by 9
- 2024An Efficient Sign Language Translation Using Spatial Configuration and Motion Dynamics with LLMscited by 9
- 2024A Methodological and Structural Review of Hand Gesture Recognition Across Diverse Data Modalitiescited by 8
- 2021Multi-Scale Local-Temporal Similarity Fusion for Continuous Sign Language Recognitioncited by 7
- 2021Transcribing Natural Languages for The Deaf via Neural Editing Programscited by 7
- 2022Improving Question Answering over Knowledge Graphs Using Graph Summarizationcited by 6
- 2024Uncertainty-aware sign language video retrieval with probability distribution modelingcited by 6
- 2024EvSign: Sign Language Recognition and Translation with Streaming Eventscited by 6
- 2024MM-WLAuslan: Multi-View Multi-Modal Word-Level Australian Sign Language Recognition Datasetcited by 6
- 2025Deep Understanding of Sign Language for Sign to Subtitle Alignmentcited by 6
- 2025Hierarchical Feature Alignment for Gloss-Free Sign Language Translationcited by 6
- 2025Sign Language Translation with Sentence Embedding Supervisioncited by 6
- 2022A Comprehensive Review of Sign Language Recognition: Different Types, Modalities, and Datasetscited by 5
- 2024SignVTCL: Multi-Modal Continuous Sign Language Recognition Enhanced by Visual-Textual Contrastive Learningcited by 5
- 2024A Spatio-Temporal Representation Learning as an Alternative to Traditional Glosses in Sign Language Translation and Productioncited by 5
50 most cited of 75 All 75 (JSON)
- 2026SignGPT: Toward LLM-Mediated Sign Language Interaction through Gloss-Free Translation and Generation18 Sep 2026
- 2026Rethinking Sign Language Translation: The Impact of Signer Dependence on Model Evaluation7 Sep 2026
- 2026VTaMo: Video-Text Alignment Model for Sign Language Translation10 Jul 2026
- 2026ViPo-MLLM: Visual-Pose Multimodal LLM for Gloss-Free Sign Language Translation4 Jul 2026
- 2026Think in Latent Thoughts: A New Paradigm for Gloss-Free Sign Language Translation16 Apr 2026
- 2026FEA-SLT: A Gloss-Free End-to-End Framework for Facial-Expression-Aware Sign Language Translation7 Jan 2026
- 2025RVLF: A Reinforcing Vision-Language Framework for Gloss-Free Sign Language Translation8 Dec 2025
- 2025Sign Language Translation with Sentence Embedding Supervision22 Oct 2025
- 2025SSL-SSAW: Self-Supervised Learning with Sigmoid Self-Attention Weighting for Question-Based Sign Language Translation17 Sep 2025
- 2025Towards Skeletal and Signer Noise Reduction in Sign Language Production via Quaternion-Based Pose Encoding and Contrastive Learning20 Aug 2025
- 2025SAGE: Segment-Aware Gloss-Free Encoding for Token-Efficient Sign Language Translation12 Jul 2025
- 2025Hierarchical Feature Alignment for Gloss-Free Sign Language Translation9 Jul 2025
38 more
- 2025iLSU-T: an Open Dataset for Uruguayan Sign Language Translation7 Jul 2025
- 2025Bridging Sign and Spoken Languages: Pseudo Gloss Generation for Sign Language Translation21 May 2025
- 2025Graph Network for Sign Language Tasks16 Apr 2025
- 2025Sign Language Translation using Frame and Event Stream: Benchmark Dataset and Algorithms9 Mar 2025
- 2025Deep Understanding of Sign Language for Sign to Subtitle Alignment5 Mar 2025
- 2025Co-creation for Sign Language Processing and Machine Translation3 Mar 2025
- 2025Beyond Words: AuralLLM and SignMST-C for Sign Language Production and Bidirectional Accessibility1 Jan 2025
- 2024DiffSLT: Enhancing Diversity in Sign Language Translation via Diffusion Model26 Nov 2024
- 2024Discrete to Continuous: Generating Smooth Transition Poses from Sign Language Observation25 Nov 2024
- 2024Leveraging the Power of MLLMs for Gloss-Free Sign Language Translation25 Nov 2024
- 2024Diverse Sign Language Translation25 Oct 2024
- 2024MM-WLAuslan: Multi-View Multi-Modal Word-Level Australian Sign Language Recognition Dataset25 Oct 2024
- 2024Cross-Attention Based Influence Model for Manual and Nonmanual Sign Language Analysis12 Sep 2024
- 2024SCOPE: Sign Language Contextual Processing with Embedding from LLMs2 Sep 2024
- 2024An Efficient Sign Language Translation Using Spatial Configuration and Motion Dynamics with LLMs20 Aug 2024
- 2024Event Stream-based Sign Language Translation: A High-Definition Benchmark Dataset and A Novel Baseline20 Aug 2024
- 2024C2RL: Content and Context Representation Learning for Gloss-free Sign Language Translation and Retrieval19 Aug 2024
- 2024Scaling up Multimodal Pre-training for Sign Language Understanding16 Aug 2024
- 2024A Methodological and Structural Review of Hand Gesture Recognition Across Diverse Data Modalities10 Aug 2024
- 2024SEDS: Semantically Enhanced Dual-Stream Encoder for Sign Language Retrieval23 Jul 2024
- 2024EvSign: Sign Language Recognition and Translation with Streaming Events17 Jul 2024
- 2024A Spatio-Temporal Representation Learning as an Alternative to Traditional Glosses in Sign Language Translation and Production3 Jul 2024
- 2024Uncertainty-aware sign language video retrieval with probability distribution modeling30 May 2024
- 2024Improving Gloss-free Sign Language Translation by Reducing Representation Density23 May 2024
- 2024Multi-Stream Keypoint Attention Network for Sign Language Recognition and Translation9 May 2024
- 2024Sign2GPT: Leveraging Large Language Models for Gloss-Free Sign Language Translation7 May 2024
- 2024LLMs are Good Sign Language Translators1 Apr 2024
- 2024Factorized Learning Assisted with Large Language Model for Gloss-free Sign Language Translation19 Mar 2024
- 2024SignVTCL: Multi-Modal Continuous Sign Language Recognition Enhanced by Visual-Textual Contrastive Learning22 Jan 2024
- 2024A Simple Baseline for Spoken Language to Sign Language Translation with 3D Avatars9 Jan 2024
- 2023Conditional Variational Autoencoder for Sign Language Translation with Cross-Modal Alignment25 Dec 2023
- 2023Sign Language Production with Latent Motion Transformer20 Dec 2023
- 2023Neural Sign Actors: A diffusion model for 3D sign language production from text5 Dec 2023
- 2023Toward American Sign Language Processing in the Real World: Data, Tasks, and Methods23 Aug 2023
- 2023Sign Language Translation with Iterative Prototype23 Aug 2023
- 2023Gloss-free Sign Language Translation: Improving from Visual-Language Pretraining27 Jul 2023
- 2023Gloss Attention for Gloss-free Sign Language Translation14 Jul 2023
- 2023Gloss-Free End-to-End Sign Language Translation22 May 2023
50 newest of 75 All 75 (JSON)
- 2021Improving Sign Language Translation with Monolingual Data by Sign Back-Translationcited by 177
- 2022Two-Stream Network for Sign Language Recognition and Translationcited by 122
- 2023Gloss-free Sign Language Translation: Improving from Visual-Language Pretrainingcited by 104
- 2022A Simple Multi-Modality Transfer Learning Baseline for Sign Language Translationcited by 80
- 2024LLMs are Good Sign Language Translatorscited by 76
- 2022Open-Domain Sign Language Translation Learned from Online Videocited by 72
- 2023SignBERT+: Hand-model-aware Self-supervised Pre-training for Sign Language Understandingcited by 59
- 2024Sign2GPT: Leveraging Large Language Models for Gloss-Free Sign Language Translationcited by 56
- 2021ARVo: Learning All-Range Volumetric Correspondence for Video Deblurringcited by 54
- 2023Gloss Attention for Gloss-free Sign Language Translationcited by 50
- 2023Natural Language-Assisted Sign Language Recognitioncited by 46
- 2023Sign Language Translation from Instructional Videoscited by 39
12 most cited of 70 All 70 (JSON)
- 2026SignGPT: Toward LLM-Mediated Sign Language Interaction through Gloss-Free Translation and Generation18 Sep 2026
- 2026Rethinking Sign Language Translation: The Impact of Signer Dependence on Model Evaluation7 Sep 2026
- 2026VTaMo: Video-Text Alignment Model for Sign Language Translation10 Jul 2026
- 2026Think in Latent Thoughts: A New Paradigm for Gloss-Free Sign Language Translation16 Apr 2026
- 2026FEA-SLT: A Gloss-Free End-to-End Framework for Facial-Expression-Aware Sign Language Translation7 Jan 2026
- 2025Sign Language Translation with Sentence Embedding Supervision22 Oct 2025
- 2025SSL-SSAW: Self-Supervised Learning with Sigmoid Self-Attention Weighting for Question-Based Sign Language Translation17 Sep 2025
- 2025Towards Skeletal and Signer Noise Reduction in Sign Language Production via Quaternion-Based Pose Encoding and Contrastive Learning20 Aug 2025
- 2025SAGE: Segment-Aware Gloss-Free Encoding for Token-Efficient Sign Language Translation12 Jul 2025
- 2025Hierarchical Feature Alignment for Gloss-Free Sign Language Translation9 Jul 2025
- 2025iLSU-T: an Open Dataset for Uruguayan Sign Language Translation7 Jul 2025
- 2025Bridging Sign and Spoken Languages: Pseudo Gloss Generation for Sign Language Translation21 May 2025
12 newest of 70 All 70 (JSON)