mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

TSPNet: Hierarchical Feature Learning via Temporal Semantic Pyramid for Sign Language Translation

arXiv 2010.05468 ↗First posted 12 Oct 2020cs.CV cs.AI cs.HCcited by 75

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Abstract (arXiv)

Sign language translation (SLT) aims to interpret sign video sequences into text-based natural language sentences. Sign videos consist of continuous sequences of sign gestures with no clear boundaries in between. Existing SLT models usually represent sign visual features in a frame-wise manner so as to avoid needing to explicitly segmenting the videos into isolated signs. However, these methods neglect the temporal information of signs and lead to substantial ambiguity in translation. In this paper, we explore the temporal semantic structures of signvideos to learn more discriminative features. To this end, we first present a novel sign video segment representation which takes into account multiple temporal granularities, thus alleviating the need for accurate video segmentation. Taking advantage of the proposed segment representation, we develop a novel hierarchical sign video feature learning method via a temporal semantic pyramid network, called TSPNet. Specifically, TSPNet introduces an inter-scale attention to evaluate and enhance local semantic consistency of sign segments and an intra-scale attention to resolve semantic ambiguity by using non-local video context. Experiments show that our TSPNet outperforms the state-of-the-art with significant improvements on the BLEU score (from 9.58 to 13.41) and ROUGE score (from 31.80 to 34.96)on the largest commonly-used SLT dataset. Our implementation is available at https://github.com/verashira/TSPNet.

Key facts. Cited by 75 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 12 Oct 2020.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 9; 2022: 11; 2023: 13; 2024: 23; 2025: 13; 2026: 6.

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  1. 2021Improving Sign Language Translation with Monolingual Data by Sign Back-Translationcited by 177
  2. 2022Two-Stream Network for Sign Language Recognition and Translationcited by 122
  3. 2023Gloss-free Sign Language Translation: Improving from Visual-Language Pretrainingcited by 104
  4. 2022A Simple Multi-Modality Transfer Learning Baseline for Sign Language Translationcited by 80
  5. 2024LLMs are Good Sign Language Translatorscited by 76
  6. 2022Open-Domain Sign Language Translation Learned from Online Videocited by 72
  7. 2023SignBERT+: Hand-model-aware Self-supervised Pre-training for Sign Language Understandingcited by 59
  8. 2024Sign2GPT: Leveraging Large Language Models for Gloss-Free Sign Language Translationcited by 56
  9. 2021ARVo: Learning All-Range Volumetric Correspondence for Video Deblurringcited by 54
  10. 2023Gloss Attention for Gloss-free Sign Language Translationcited by 50
  11. 2023Neural Sign Actors: A diffusion model for 3D sign language production from textcited by 48
  12. 2023Natural Language-Assisted Sign Language Recognitioncited by 46
38 more
  1. 2023Sign Language Translation from Instructional Videoscited by 39
  2. 2023SLTUNET: A Simple Unified Model for Sign Language Translationcited by 35
  3. 2023CiCo: Domain-Aware Sign Language Retrieval via Cross-Lingual Contrastive Learningcited by 32
  4. 2023Gloss-Free End-to-End Sign Language Translationcited by 31
  5. 2024Improving Gloss-free Sign Language Translation by Reducing Representation Densitycited by 30
  6. 2021Aligning Subtitles in Sign Language Videoscited by 26
  7. 2021SimulSLT: End-to-End Simultaneous Sign Language Translationcited by 26
  8. 2024Factorized Learning Assisted with Large Language Model for Gloss-free Sign Language Translationcited by 23
  9. 2024C2RL: Content and Context Representation Learning for Gloss-free Sign Language Translation and Retrievalcited by 23
  10. 2023Conditional Variational Autoencoder for Sign Language Translation with Cross-Modal Alignmentcited by 22
  11. 2022Sign Language Video Retrieval with Free-Form Textual Queriescited by 21
  12. 2022Machine Translation from Signed to Spoken Languages: State of the Art and Challengescited by 20
  13. 2022Automatic dense annotation of large-vocabulary sign language videoscited by 20
  14. 2023Sign Language Translation with Iterative Prototypecited by 20
  15. 2024Scaling up Multimodal Pre-training for Sign Language Understandingcited by 20
  16. 2024A Simple Baseline for Spoken Language to Sign Language Translation with 3D Avatarscited by 18
  17. 2024Discrete to Continuous: Generating Smooth Transition Poses from Sign Language Observationcited by 16
  18. 2022Jointly Harnessing Prior Structures and Temporal Consistency for Sign Language Video Generationcited by 14
  19. 2023Sign Language Production with Latent Motion Transformercited by 13
  20. 2024Leveraging the Power of MLLMs for Gloss-Free Sign Language Translationcited by 13
  21. 2025Bridging Sign and Spoken Languages: Pseudo Gloss Generation for Sign Language Translationcited by 12
  22. 2021PiSLTRc: Position-informed Sign Language Transformer with Content-aware Convolutioncited by 11
  23. 2022A Token-level Contrastive Framework for Sign Language Translationcited by 10
  24. 2024Multi-Stream Keypoint Attention Network for Sign Language Recognition and Translationcited by 9
  25. 2024An Efficient Sign Language Translation Using Spatial Configuration and Motion Dynamics with LLMscited by 9
  26. 2024A Methodological and Structural Review of Hand Gesture Recognition Across Diverse Data Modalitiescited by 8
  27. 2021Multi-Scale Local-Temporal Similarity Fusion for Continuous Sign Language Recognitioncited by 7
  28. 2021Transcribing Natural Languages for The Deaf via Neural Editing Programscited by 7
  29. 2022Improving Question Answering over Knowledge Graphs Using Graph Summarizationcited by 6
  30. 2024Uncertainty-aware sign language video retrieval with probability distribution modelingcited by 6
  31. 2024EvSign: Sign Language Recognition and Translation with Streaming Eventscited by 6
  32. 2024MM-WLAuslan: Multi-View Multi-Modal Word-Level Australian Sign Language Recognition Datasetcited by 6
  33. 2025Deep Understanding of Sign Language for Sign to Subtitle Alignmentcited by 6
  34. 2025Hierarchical Feature Alignment for Gloss-Free Sign Language Translationcited by 6
  35. 2025Sign Language Translation with Sentence Embedding Supervisioncited by 6
  36. 2022A Comprehensive Review of Sign Language Recognition: Different Types, Modalities, and Datasetscited by 5
  37. 2024SignVTCL: Multi-Modal Continuous Sign Language Recognition Enhanced by Visual-Textual Contrastive Learningcited by 5
  38. 2024A Spatio-Temporal Representation Learning as an Alternative to Traditional Glosses in Sign Language Translation and Productioncited by 5

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