Visual Speech Recognition for Multiple Languages in the Wild
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Abstract (arXiv)
Visual speech recognition (VSR) aims to recognize the content of speech based on lip movements, without relying on the audio stream. Advances in deep learning and the availability of large audio-visual datasets have led to the development of much more accurate and robust VSR models than ever before. However, these advances are usually due to the larger training sets rather than the model design. Here we demonstrate that designing better models is equally as important as using larger training sets. We propose the addition of prediction-based auxiliary tasks to a VSR model, and highlight the importance of hyperparameter optimization and appropriate data augmentations. We show that such a model works for different languages and outperforms all previous methods trained on publicly available datasets by a large margin. It even outperforms models that were trained on non-publicly available datasets containing up to to 21 times more data. We show, furthermore, that using additional training data, even in other languages or with automatically generated transcriptions, results in further improvement.
Key facts. Cited by 94 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 58 of its 87 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Feb 2022.
Builds on
58 of 87 references.
References · 58
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50 most cited of 58 All 58 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 8; 2023: 31; 2024: 27; 2025: 17; 2026: 11.
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- 2023Auto-AVSR: Audio-Visual Speech Recognition with Automatic Labelscited by 113
- 2022Visual Speech-Aware Perceptual 3D Facial Expression Reconstruction from Videoscited by 50
- 2022Jointly Learning Visual and Auditory Speech Representations from Raw Datacited by 43
- 2023Watch or Listen: Robust Audio-Visual Speech Recognition with Visual Corruption Modeling and Reliability Scoringcited by 42
- 2024Large Language Models are Strong Audio-Visual Speech Recognition Learnerscited by 40
- 2022u-HuBERT: Unified Mixed-Modal Speech Pretraining And Zero-Shot Transfer to Unlabeled Modalitycited by 36
- 2022SVTS: Scalable Video-to-Speech Synthesiscited by 35
- 2022VATLM: Visual-Audio-Text Pre-Training with Unified Masked Prediction for Speech Representation Learningcited by 34
- 2024Where Visual Speech Meets Language: VSP-LLM Framework for Efficient and Context-Aware Visual Speech Processingcited by 29
- 2025Human Motion Video Generation: A Surveycited by 25
- 2023AV-data2vec: Self-supervised Learning of Audio-Visual Speech Representations with Contextualized Target Representationscited by 24
- 2022Training Strategies for Improved Lip-readingcited by 23
38 more
- 2023Audio-Visual Efficient Conformer for Robust Speech Recognitioncited by 22
- 2023SynthVSR: Scaling Up Visual Speech Recognition With Synthetic Supervisioncited by 20
- 2024BRAVEn: Improving Self-Supervised Pre-training for Visual and Auditory Speech Recognitioncited by 20
- 2025MMS-LLaMA: Efficient LLM-based Audio-Visual Speech Recognition with Minimal Multimodal Speech Tokenscited by 19
- 2023AKVSR: Audio Knowledge Empowered Visual Speech Recognition by Compressing Audio Knowledge of a Pretrained Modelcited by 16
- 2023Lip Reading for Low-resource Languages by Learning and Combining General Speech Knowledge and Language-specific Knowledgecited by 16
- 2024Learn2Talk: 3D Talking Face Learns from 2D Talking Facecited by 16
- 2023AV2AV: Direct Audio-Visual Speech to Audio-Visual Speech Translation with Unified Audio-Visual Speech Representationcited by 14
- 2024Unified Speech Recognition: A Single Model for Auditory, Visual, and Audiovisual Inputscited by 14
- 2023Prompt Tuning of Deep Neural Networks for Speaker-adaptive Visual Speech Recognitioncited by 13
- 2023Multi-Modal Deep Learning for Credit Rating Prediction Using Text and Numerical Data Streamscited by 13
- 2023Visual Speech Recognition for Languages with Limited Labeled Data using Automatic Labels from Whispercited by 13
- 2024SyncVSR: Data-Efficient Visual Speech Recognition with End-to-End Crossmodal Audio Token Synchronizationcited by 13
- 2023Let There Be Sound: Reconstructing High Quality Speech from Silent Videoscited by 12
- 2024DiMoDif: Discourse Modality-information Differentiation for Audio-visual Deepfake Detection and Localizationcited by 12
- 2023Lip2Vec: Efficient and Robust Visual Speech Recognition via Latent-to-Latent Visual to Audio Representation Mappingcited by 10
- 2023LipFormer: Learning to Lipread Unseen Speakers based on Visual-Landmark Transformerscited by 9
- 2025Zero-AVSR: Zero-Shot Audio-Visual Speech Recognition with LLMs by Learning Language-Agnostic Speech Representationscited by 9
- 2022LA-VocE: Low-SNR Audio-visual Speech Enhancement using Neural Vocoderscited by 8
- 2023OpenSR: Open-Modality Speech Recognition via Maintaining Multi-Modality Alignmentcited by 8
- 2023Do VSR Models Generalize Beyond LRS3?cited by 8
- 2024Efficient Training for Multilingual Visual Speech Recognition: Pre-training with Discretized Visual Speech Representationcited by 8
- 2024Diffusion-based Unsupervised Audio-visual Speech Enhancementcited by 8
- 2023Hearing Lips in Noise: Universal Viseme-Phoneme Mapping and Transfer for Robust Audio-Visual Speech Recognitioncited by 7
- 2023SparseVSR: Lightweight and Noise Robust Visual Speech Recognitioncited by 7
- 2023LIP-RTVE: An Audiovisual Database for Continuous Spanish in the Wildcited by 7
- 2024Multilingual Audio-Visual Speech Recognition with Hybrid CTC/RNN-T Fast Conformercited by 7
- 2025Phoneme-Level Visual Speech Recognition via Point-Visual Fusion and Language Model Reconstructioncited by 7
- 2023A Perceptual Shape Loss for Monocular 3D Face Reconstructioncited by 6
- 2023LiteVSR: Efficient Visual Speech Recognition by Learning from Speech Representations of Unlabeled Datacited by 6
- 2024Enhancing Speech-Driven 3D Facial Animation with Audio-Visual Guidance from Lip Reading Expertcited by 6
- 2023Learning Cross-lingual Visual Speech Representationscited by 5
- 2023AV-CPL: Continuous Pseudo-Labeling for Audio-Visual Speech Recognitioncited by 5
- 2024Landmark-Guided Cross-Speaker Lip Reading with Mutual Information Regularizationcited by 5
- 2024CNVSRC 2023: The First Chinese Continuous Visual Speech Recognition Challengecited by 5
- 2023MIR-GAN: Refining Frame-Level Modality-Invariant Representations with Adversarial Network for Audio-Visual Speech Recognitioncited by 4
- 2024Missingness-resilient Video-enhanced Multimodal Disfluency Detectioncited by 4
- 2024Dynamic Data Pruning for Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 4
50 most cited of 94 All 94 (JSON)
- 2026Pose Adaptive Dynamic FiLM Modulation for Visual Speech Recognition24 Sep 2026
- 2026SG-Mamba: Sparse Graph-Guided Mamba for Audio-Visual Speech Enhancement16 Sep 2026
- 2026Candor-LR: A Dyadic Conversational Dataset for Audio-Visual Speech Recognition9 Sep 2026
- 2026AVSRBench: A Multi-Condition AVSR Benchmark9 Sep 2026
- 2026VSRo-200: A Romanian Visual Speech Recognition Dataset for Studying Supervision and Multimodal Robustness9 Jul 2026
- 2026Cross-Modal Masking for Robust Silent Speech Synthesis Using sEMG and Lipreading8 Jun 2026
- 2026Head-Pose-Aware Visual Speech Recognition with FiLM Modulation30 May 2026
- 2026When AVSR Meets Video Conferencing: Dataset, Degradation, and the Hidden Mechanism Behind Performance Collapse24 Mar 2026
- 2026Cascade-Free Mandarin Visual Speech Recognition via Semantic-Guided Cross-Representation Alignment23 Mar 2026
- 2026Pay Attention to CTC: Fast and Robust Pseudo-Labelling for Unified Speech Recognition22 Feb 2026
- 2026Purification Before Fusion: Toward Mask-Free Speech Enhancement for Robust Audio-Visual Speech Recognition18 Jan 2026
- 2025VALLR-Pin: Uncertainty-Factorized Visual Speech Recognition for Mandarin with Pinyin Guidance23 Dec 2025
38 more
- 2025STARCaster: Spatio-Temporal AutoRegressive Video Diffusion for Identity- and View-Aware Talking Portraits15 Dec 2025
- 2025AuViRe: Audio-visual Speech Representation Reconstruction for Deepfake Temporal Localization24 Nov 2025
- 2025Real-Time System for Audio-Visual Target Speech Enhancement25 Sep 2025
- 2025GLip: A Global-Local Integrated Progressive Framework for Robust Visual Speech Recognition19 Sep 2025
- 2025Human Motion Video Generation: A Survey4 Sep 2025
- 2025Towards Inclusive Communication: A Unified Framework for Generating Spoken Language from Sign, Lip, and Audio28 Aug 2025
- 2025Landmark Guided Visual Feature Extractor for Visual Speech Recognition with Limited Resource10 Aug 2025
- 2025Real-Time Audio-Visual Speech Enhancement Using Pre-trained Visual Representations29 Jul 2025
- 2025The Importance of Facial Features in Vision-based Sign Language Recognition: Eyes, Mouth or Full Face?28 Jul 2025
- 2025Phoneme-Level Visual Speech Recognition via Point-Visual Fusion and Language Model Reconstruction25 Jul 2025
- 2025Transfer Learning from Visual Speech Recognition to Mouthing Recognition in German Sign Language20 May 2025
- 2025MMS-LLaMA: Efficient LLM-based Audio-Visual Speech Recognition with Minimal Multimodal Speech Tokens14 Mar 2025
- 2025Zero-AVSR: Zero-Shot Audio-Visual Speech Recognition with LLMs by Learning Language-Agnostic Speech Representations8 Mar 2025
- 2025DiVISe: Direct Visual-Input Speech Synthesis Preserving Speaker Characteristics And Intelligibility7 Mar 2025
- 2025mWhisper-Flamingo for Multilingual Audio-Visual Noise-Robust Speech Recognition3 Feb 2025
- 2025Evaluation of End-to-End Continuous Spanish Lipreading in Different Data Conditions1 Feb 2025
- 2024DiMoDif: Discourse Modality-information Differentiation for Audio-visual Deepfake Detection and Localization15 Nov 2024
- 2024Unified Speech Recognition: A Single Model for Auditory, Visual, and Audiovisual Inputs4 Nov 2024
- 2024AlignVSR: Audio-Visual Cross-Modal Alignment for Visual Speech Recognition21 Oct 2024
- 2024Full-Rank No More: Low-Rank Weight Training for Modern Speech Recognition Models10 Oct 2024
- 2024Diffusion-based Unsupervised Audio-visual Speech Enhancement4 Oct 2024
- 2024Large Language Models are Strong Audio-Visual Speech Recognition Learners18 Sep 2024
- 2024Enhancing CTC-Based Visual Speech Recognition11 Sep 2024
- 2024RAL:Redundancy-Aware Lipreading Model Based on Differential Learning with Symmetric Views9 Sep 2024
- 2024Tailored Design of Audio-Visual Speech Recognition Models using Branchformers9 Jul 2024
- 2024Enhancing Speech-Driven 3D Facial Animation with Audio-Visual Guidance from Lip Reading Expert1 Jul 2024
- 2024Dynamic Data Pruning for Automatic Speech Recognition26 Jun 2024
- 2024MSRS: Training Multimodal Speech Recognition Models from Scratch with Sparse Mask Optimization25 Jun 2024
- 2024SyncVSR: Data-Efficient Visual Speech Recognition with End-to-End Crossmodal Audio Token Synchronization18 Jun 2024
- 2024CNVSRC 2023: The First Chinese Continuous Visual Speech Recognition Challenge14 Jun 2024
- 2024Missingness-resilient Video-enhanced Multimodal Disfluency Detection11 Jun 2024
- 2024LipGER: Visually-Conditioned Generative Error Correction for Robust Automatic Speech Recognition6 Jun 2024
- 2024OpFlowTalker: Realistic and Natural Talking Face Generation via Optical Flow Guidance23 May 2024
- 2024Learn2Talk: 3D Talking Face Learns from 2D Talking Face19 Apr 2024
- 2024BRAVEn: Improving Self-Supervised Pre-training for Visual and Auditory Speech Recognition2 Apr 2024
- 2024Landmark-Guided Cross-Speaker Lip Reading with Mutual Information Regularization24 Mar 2024
- 2024Multilingual Audio-Visual Speech Recognition with Hybrid CTC/RNN-T Fast Conformer14 Mar 2024
- 2024Neural Additive Image Model: Interpretation through Interpolation6 Mar 2024
50 newest of 94 All 94 (JSON)
- 2023Auto-AVSR: Audio-Visual Speech Recognition with Automatic Labelscited by 113
- 2022Visual Speech-Aware Perceptual 3D Facial Expression Reconstruction from Videoscited by 50
- 2022Jointly Learning Visual and Auditory Speech Representations from Raw Datacited by 43
- 2023Watch or Listen: Robust Audio-Visual Speech Recognition with Visual Corruption Modeling and Reliability Scoringcited by 42
- 2022u-HuBERT: Unified Mixed-Modal Speech Pretraining And Zero-Shot Transfer to Unlabeled Modalitycited by 36
- 2022SVTS: Scalable Video-to-Speech Synthesiscited by 35
- 2022VATLM: Visual-Audio-Text Pre-Training with Unified Masked Prediction for Speech Representation Learningcited by 34
- 2024Where Visual Speech Meets Language: VSP-LLM Framework for Efficient and Context-Aware Visual Speech Processingcited by 29
- 2025Human Motion Video Generation: A Surveycited by 25
- 2023AV-data2vec: Self-supervised Learning of Audio-Visual Speech Representations with Contextualized Target Representationscited by 24
- 2022Training Strategies for Improved Lip-readingcited by 23
- 2023Audio-Visual Efficient Conformer for Robust Speech Recognitioncited by 22
12 most cited of 91 All 91 (JSON)
- 2026Pose Adaptive Dynamic FiLM Modulation for Visual Speech Recognition24 Sep 2026
- 2026Candor-LR: A Dyadic Conversational Dataset for Audio-Visual Speech Recognition9 Sep 2026
- 2026AVSRBench: A Multi-Condition AVSR Benchmark9 Sep 2026
- 2026VSRo-200: A Romanian Visual Speech Recognition Dataset for Studying Supervision and Multimodal Robustness9 Jul 2026
- 2026Cross-Modal Masking for Robust Silent Speech Synthesis Using sEMG and Lipreading8 Jun 2026
- 2026Head-Pose-Aware Visual Speech Recognition with FiLM Modulation30 May 2026
- 2026When AVSR Meets Video Conferencing: Dataset, Degradation, and the Hidden Mechanism Behind Performance Collapse24 Mar 2026
- 2026Cascade-Free Mandarin Visual Speech Recognition via Semantic-Guided Cross-Representation Alignment23 Mar 2026
- 2026Pay Attention to CTC: Fast and Robust Pseudo-Labelling for Unified Speech Recognition22 Feb 2026
- 2026Purification Before Fusion: Toward Mask-Free Speech Enhancement for Robust Audio-Visual Speech Recognition18 Jan 2026
- 2025VALLR-Pin: Uncertainty-Factorized Visual Speech Recognition for Mandarin with Pinyin Guidance23 Dec 2025
- 2025AuViRe: Audio-visual Speech Representation Reconstruction for Deepfake Temporal Localization24 Nov 2025
12 newest of 91 All 91 (JSON)