Compositional Transformers for Scene Generation
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Abstract (arXiv)
We introduce the GANformer2 model, an iterative object-oriented transformer, explored for the task of generative modeling. The network incorporates strong and explicit structural priors, to reflect the compositional nature of visual scenes, and synthesizes images through a sequential process. It operates in two stages: a fast and lightweight planning phase, where we draft a high-level scene layout, followed by an attention-based execution phase, where the layout is being refined, evolving into a rich and detailed picture. Our model moves away from conventional black-box GAN architectures that feature a flat and monolithic latent space towards a transparent design that encourages efficiency, controllability and interpretability. We demonstrate GANformer2's strengths and qualities through a careful evaluation over a range of datasets, from multi-object CLEVR scenes to the challenging COCO images, showing it successfully achieves state-of-the-art performance in terms of visual quality, diversity and consistency. Further experiments demonstrate the model's disentanglement and provide a deeper insight into its generative process, as it proceeds step-by-step from a rough initial sketch, to a detailed layout that accounts for objects' depths and dependencies, and up to the final high-resolution depiction of vibrant and intricate real-world scenes. See https://github.com/dorarad/gansformer for model implementation.
Key facts. Cited by 24 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 65 of its 82 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Nov 2021.
Builds on
65 of 82 references.
References · 65
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
- 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,604
- 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,498
- 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
- 2016Image-to-Image Translation with Conditional Adversarial Networkscited by 4,510
- 2019Analyzing and Improving the Image Quality of StyleGANcited by 3,580
- 2020Taming Transformers for High-Resolution Image Synthesiscited by 3,229
- 2017Progressive Growing of GANs for Improved Quality, Stability, and Variationcited by 2,967
- 2018Large Scale GAN Training for High Fidelity Natural Image Synthesiscited by 2,609
- 2017FiLM: Visual Reasoning with a General Conditioning Layercited by 2,286
- 2016Photo-Realistic Single Image Super-Resolution Using a Generative Adversarial Networkcited by 1,898
- 2016CLEVR: A Diagnostic Dataset for Compositional Language and Elementary Visual Reasoningcited by 1,445
38 more
- 2019Semantic Image Synthesis with Spatially-Adaptive Normalizationcited by 1,295
- 2018Hierarchical Neural Story Generationcited by 1,182
- 2017High-Resolution Image Synthesis and Semantic Manipulation with Conditional GANscited by 1,176
- 2017StarGAN: Unified Generative Adversarial Networks for Multi-Domain Image-to-Image Translationcited by 1,036
- 2020Object-Centric Learning with Slot Attentioncited by 865
- 2018Self-Attention Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 809
- 2018Panoptic Segmentationcited by 796
- 2020GIRAFFE: Representing Scenes as Compositional Generative Neural Feature Fieldscited by 784
- 2019Interpreting the Latent Space of GANs for Semantic Face Editingcited by 691
- 2019MaskGAN: Towards Diverse and Interactive Facial Image Manipulationcited by 624
- 2020GANSpace: Discovering Interpretable GAN Controlscited by 612
- 2016StackGAN: Text to Photo-realistic Image Synthesis with Stacked Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 575
- 2019MONet: Unsupervised Scene Decomposition and Representationcited by 388
- 2019Multi-Object Representation Learning with Iterative Variational Inferencecited by 359
- 2020StyleSpace Analysis: Disentangled Controls for StyleGAN Image Generationcited by 331
- 2018Image Generation from Scene Graphscited by 324
- 2017Toward Multimodal Image-to-Image Translationcited by 295
- 2020Unsupervised Discovery of Interpretable Directions in the GAN Latent Spacecited by 288
- 2019SEAN: Image Synthesis with Semantic Region-Adaptive Normalizationcited by 253
- 2019On the "steerability" of generative adversarial networkscited by 247
- 2019GENESIS: Generative Scene Inference and Sampling with Object-Centric Latent Representationscited by 227
- 2017Photographic Image Synthesis with Cascaded Refinement Networkscited by 223
- 2016Attend, Infer, Repeat: Fast Scene Understanding with Generative Modelscited by 209
- 2016Modular Multitask Reinforcement Learning with Policy Sketchescited by 200
- 2015DRAW: A Recurrent Neural Network For Image Generationcited by 190
- 2020SPACE: Unsupervised Object-Oriented Scene Representation via Spatial Attention and Decompositioncited by 190
- 2020Semantic Photo Manipulation with a Generative Image Priorcited by 178
- 2020BlockGAN: Learning 3D Object-aware Scene Representations from Unlabelled Imagescited by 166
- 2020You Only Need Adversarial Supervision for Semantic Image Synthesiscited by 129
- 2021Generative Adversarial Transformerscited by 120
- 2019Learning by Abstraction: The Neural State Machinecited by 113
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- 2018ST-GAN: Spatial Transformer Generative Adversarial Networks for Image Compositingcited by 90
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- 2021Using latent space regression to analyze and leverage compositionality in GANscited by 55
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50 most cited of 65 All 65 (JSON)
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 6; 2023: 14; 2024: 1; 2025: 0; 2026: 1.
24 papers.
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- 2021SemanticStyleGAN: Learning Compositional Generative Priors for Controllable Image Synthesis and Editingcited by 58
- 2023CC3D: Layout-Conditioned Generation of Compositional 3D Scenescited by 58
- 2021Multimodal Image Synthesis and Editing: The Generative AI Eracited by 52
- 2022Class-Aware Adversarial Transformers for Medical Image Segmentationcited by 33
- 2022How to Reuse and Compose Knowledge for a Lifetime of Tasks: A Survey on Continual Learning and Functional Compositioncited by 27
- 2022Efficient Image Generation with Variadic Attention Headscited by 17
- 2022ITTR: Unpaired Image-to-Image Translation with Transformerscited by 15
- 2023LinkGAN: Linking GAN Latents to Pixels for Controllable Image Synthesiscited by 15
- 2023EGIC: Enhanced Low-Bit-Rate Generative Image Compression Guided by Semantic Segmentationcited by 13
- 2022vMFNet: Compositionality Meets Domain-generalised Segmentationcited by 11
- 2023Semantic 3D-aware Portrait Synthesis and Manipulation Based on Compositional Neural Radiance Fieldcited by 10
- 2023Transformer-based Generative Adversarial Networks in Computer Vision: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 10
12 more
- 2023Transformer-based Image Generation from Scene Graphscited by 8
- 2022Vec2Face-v2: Unveil Human Faces from their Blackbox Features via Attention-based Network in Face Recognitioncited by 4
- 2023MorphGANFormer: Transformer-based Face Morphing and De-Morphingcited by 4
- 2023Im-Promptu: In-Context Composition from Image Promptscited by 4
- 20233D-GOI: 3D GAN Omni-Inversion for Multifaceted and Multi-object Editingcited by 4
- 2023Cross-GAN Auditing: Unsupervised Identification of Attribute Level Similarities and Differences between Pretrained Generative Modelscited by 2
- 2023Emergent Communication with Attentioncited by 2
- 2023Compositionally Equivariant Representation Learningcited by 2
- 2023Language-free Compositional Action Generation via Decoupling Refinementcited by 2
- 2024CAGE: Unsupervised Visual Composition and Animation for Controllable Video Generationcited by 2
- 2023Compositional Representation Learning for Brain Tumour Segmentationcited by 0
- 2026Efficient Human-Contact Representation for Human-Scene Interactioncited by 0
- 2026Efficient Human-Contact Representation for Human-Scene Interaction10 Aug 2026
- 2024CAGE: Unsupervised Visual Composition and Animation for Controllable Video Generation21 Mar 2024
- 20233D-GOI: 3D GAN Omni-Inversion for Multifaceted and Multi-object Editing18 Nov 2023
- 2023Compositional Representation Learning for Brain Tumour Segmentation10 Oct 2023
- 2023EGIC: Enhanced Low-Bit-Rate Generative Image Compression Guided by Semantic Segmentation6 Sep 2023
- 2023Language-free Compositional Action Generation via Decoupling Refinement7 Jul 2023
- 2023Compositionally Equivariant Representation Learning13 Jun 2023
- 2023Im-Promptu: In-Context Composition from Image Prompts26 May 2023
- 2023Emergent Communication with Attention18 May 2023
- 2023CC3D: Layout-Conditioned Generation of Compositional 3D Scenes21 Mar 2023
- 2023Cross-GAN Auditing: Unsupervised Identification of Attribute Level Similarities and Differences between Pretrained Generative Models19 Mar 2023
- 2023Transformer-based Image Generation from Scene Graphs8 Mar 2023
12 more
- 2023MorphGANFormer: Transformer-based Face Morphing and De-Morphing18 Feb 2023
- 2023Transformer-based Generative Adversarial Networks in Computer Vision: A Comprehensive Survey17 Feb 2023
- 2023Semantic 3D-aware Portrait Synthesis and Manipulation Based on Compositional Neural Radiance Field3 Feb 2023
- 2023LinkGAN: Linking GAN Latents to Pixels for Controllable Image Synthesis11 Jan 2023
- 2022Efficient Image Generation with Variadic Attention Heads10 Nov 2022
- 2022Vec2Face-v2: Unveil Human Faces from their Blackbox Features via Attention-based Network in Face Recognition11 Sep 2022
- 2022How to Reuse and Compose Knowledge for a Lifetime of Tasks: A Survey on Continual Learning and Functional Composition15 Jul 2022
- 2022vMFNet: Compositionality Meets Domain-generalised Segmentation29 Jun 2022
- 2022ITTR: Unpaired Image-to-Image Translation with Transformers30 Mar 2022
- 2022Class-Aware Adversarial Transformers for Medical Image Segmentation26 Jan 2022
- 2021Multimodal Image Synthesis and Editing: The Generative AI Era27 Dec 2021
- 2021SemanticStyleGAN: Learning Compositional Generative Priors for Controllable Image Synthesis and Editing4 Dec 2021
- 2021SemanticStyleGAN: Learning Compositional Generative Priors for Controllable Image Synthesis and Editingcited by 58
- 2023CC3D: Layout-Conditioned Generation of Compositional 3D Scenescited by 58
- 2021Multimodal Image Synthesis and Editing: The Generative AI Eracited by 52
- 2022Class-Aware Adversarial Transformers for Medical Image Segmentationcited by 33
- 2022How to Reuse and Compose Knowledge for a Lifetime of Tasks: A Survey on Continual Learning and Functional Compositioncited by 27
- 2022Efficient Image Generation with Variadic Attention Headscited by 17
- 2022ITTR: Unpaired Image-to-Image Translation with Transformerscited by 15
- 2023LinkGAN: Linking GAN Latents to Pixels for Controllable Image Synthesiscited by 15
- 2023EGIC: Enhanced Low-Bit-Rate Generative Image Compression Guided by Semantic Segmentationcited by 13
- 2022vMFNet: Compositionality Meets Domain-generalised Segmentationcited by 11
- 2023Semantic 3D-aware Portrait Synthesis and Manipulation Based on Compositional Neural Radiance Fieldcited by 10
- 2023Transformer-based Generative Adversarial Networks in Computer Vision: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 10
12 most cited of 24 All 24 (JSON)
- 2026Efficient Human-Contact Representation for Human-Scene Interaction10 Aug 2026
- 2024CAGE: Unsupervised Visual Composition and Animation for Controllable Video Generation21 Mar 2024
- 20233D-GOI: 3D GAN Omni-Inversion for Multifaceted and Multi-object Editing18 Nov 2023
- 2023Compositional Representation Learning for Brain Tumour Segmentation10 Oct 2023
- 2023EGIC: Enhanced Low-Bit-Rate Generative Image Compression Guided by Semantic Segmentation6 Sep 2023
- 2023Language-free Compositional Action Generation via Decoupling Refinement7 Jul 2023
- 2023Compositionally Equivariant Representation Learning13 Jun 2023
- 2023Im-Promptu: In-Context Composition from Image Prompts26 May 2023
- 2023Emergent Communication with Attention18 May 2023
- 2023CC3D: Layout-Conditioned Generation of Compositional 3D Scenes21 Mar 2023
- 2023Cross-GAN Auditing: Unsupervised Identification of Attribute Level Similarities and Differences between Pretrained Generative Models19 Mar 2023
- 2023Transformer-based Image Generation from Scene Graphs8 Mar 2023
12 newest of 24 All 24 (JSON)