Subspace Regularizers for Few-Shot Class Incremental Learning
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Abstract (arXiv)
Few-shot class incremental learning -- the problem of updating a trained classifier to discriminate among an expanded set of classes with limited labeled data -- is a key challenge for machine learning systems deployed in non-stationary environments. Existing approaches to the problem rely on complex model architectures and training procedures that are difficult to tune and re-use. In this paper, we present an extremely simple approach that enables the use of ordinary logistic regression classifiers for few-shot incremental learning. The key to this approach is a new family of subspace regularization schemes that encourage weight vectors for new classes to lie close to the subspace spanned by the weights of existing classes. When combined with pretrained convolutional feature extractors, logistic regression models trained with subspace regularization outperform specialized, state-of-the-art approaches to few-shot incremental image classification by up to 22% on the miniImageNet dataset. Because of its simplicity, subspace regularization can be straightforwardly extended to incorporate additional background information about the new classes (including class names and descriptions specified in natural language); these further improve accuracy by up to 2%. Our results show that simple geometric regularization of class representations offers an effective tool for continual learning.
Key facts. Cited by 56 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 31 of its 68 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 13 Oct 2021.
Builds on
31 of 68 references.
References · 31
- 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
- 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,744
- 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,170
- 2014ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challengecited by 8,498
- 2017Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning for Fast Adaptation of Deep Networkscited by 4,897
- 2016Overcoming catastrophic forgetting in neural networkscited by 4,787
- 2017Prototypical Networks for Few-shot Learningcited by 3,015
- 2016iCaRL: Incremental Classifier and Representation Learningcited by 2,333
- 2016Matching Networks for One Shot Learningcited by 2,255
- 2019Invariant Risk Minimizationcited by 1,854
- 2018Experience Replay for Continual Learningcited by 1,095
- 2013An Empirical Investigation of Catastrophic Forgetting in Gradient-Based Neural Networkscited by 722
19 more
- 2018Meta-Learning for Semi-Supervised Few-Shot Classificationcited by 456
- 2020Class-incremental learning: survey and performance evaluation on image classificationcited by 449
- 2020Rethinking Few-Shot Image Classification: a Good Embedding Is All You Need?cited by 437
- 2018Dynamic Few-Shot Visual Learning without Forgettingcited by 385
- 2020Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 251
- 2013Zero-Shot Learning Through Cross-Modal Transfercited by 237
- 2021Few-Shot Incremental Learning with Continually Evolved Classifierscited by 187
- 2016Learning Deep Representations of Fine-grained Visual Descriptionscited by 182
- 2020A Review of Generalized Zero-Shot Learning Methodscited by 159
- 2021Semantic-aware Knowledge Distillation for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 115
- 2018Interactive Supercomputing on 40,000 Cores for Machine Learning and Data Analysiscited by 110
- 2021Self-Promoted Prototype Refinement for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 96
- 2019TapNet: Neural Network Augmented with Task-Adaptive Projection for Few-Shot Learningcited by 91
- 2018Incremental Few-Shot Learning with Attention Attractor Networkscited by 66
- 2020XtarNet: Learning to Extract Task-Adaptive Representation for Incremental Few-Shot Learningcited by 31
- 2019Baby steps towards few-shot learning with multiple semanticscited by 29
- 2021Aligning Visual Prototypes with BERT Embeddings for Few-Shot Learningcited by 12
- 2018Distributed Weight Consolidation: A Brain Segmentation Case Studycited by 9
- 2019Zero-shot Image Recognition Using Relational Matching, Adaptation and Calibrationcited by 7
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 4; 2023: 17; 2024: 18; 2025: 9; 2026: 7.
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- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Applicationcited by 872
- 2022S-Prompts Learning with Pre-trained Transformers: An Occam's Razor for Domain Incremental Learningcited by 246
- 2023Neural Collapse Inspired Feature-Classifier Alignment for Few-Shot Class Incremental Learningcited by 116
- 2022Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning by Sampling Multi-Phase Taskscited by 88
- 2023FeCAM: Exploiting the Heterogeneity of Class Distributions in Exemplar-Free Continual Learningcited by 87
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Forgetting in Deep Learning Beyond Continual Learningcited by 69
- 2023A Survey on Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 48
- 2023Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning via Training-Free Prototype Calibrationcited by 46
- 2022On the Soft-Subnetwork for Few-shot Class Incremental Learningcited by 37
- 2024Pre-trained Vision and Language Transformers Are Few-Shot Incremental Learnerscited by 36
- 2024Make Continual Learning Stronger via C-Flatcited by 35
- 2023Semantic Prompt for Few-Shot Image Recognitioncited by 29
38 more
- 2023S3C: Self-Supervised Stochastic Classifiers for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 23
- 2023Image-free Classifier Injection for Zero-Shot Classificationcited by 15
- 2023Neural Collapse Terminus: A Unified Solution for Class Incremental Learning and Its Variantscited by 14
- 2024Rethinking Few-shot Class-incremental Learning: Learning from Yourselfcited by 14
- 2024Learning Prompt with Distribution-Based Feature Replay for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 12
- 2023LFS-GAN: Lifelong Few-Shot Image Generationcited by 11
- 2024CLOSER: Towards Better Representation Learning for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 11
- 2021Coarse-To-Fine Incremental Few-Shot Learningcited by 9
- 2024Calibrating Higher-Order Statistics for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning with Pre-trained Vision Transformerscited by 9
- 2025Revisiting Pool-based Prompt Learning for Few-shot Class-incremental Learningcited by 8
- 2024Mamba-FSCIL: Dynamic Adaptation with Selective State Space Model for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 7
- 2023Semantic-visual Guided Transformer for Few-shot Class-incremental Learningcited by 6
- 2023Continual Learning: Forget-free Winning Subnetworks for Video Representationscited by 6
- 2023Forget-free Continual Learning with Soft-Winning SubNetworkscited by 5
- 2024Towards Few-Shot Learning in the Open World: A Review and Beyondcited by 5
- 2024Enhanced Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning via Ensemble Modelscited by 4
- 2025Latest Advancements Towards Catastrophic Forgetting under Data Scarcity: A Comprehensive Survey on Few-Shot Class Incremental Learningcited by 4
- 2023Towards Label-Efficient Incremental Learning: A Surveycited by 2
- 2023MASIL: Towards Maximum Separable Class Representation for Few Shot Class Incremental Learningcited by 2
- 2024Enhancing Consistency and Mitigating Bias: A Data Replay Approach for Incremental Learningcited by 2
- 2025Can Synthetic Images Conquer Forgetting? Beyond Unexplored Doubts in Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 2
- 2024PL-FSCIL: Harnessing the Power of Prompts for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 1
- 2024Bias Mitigating Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 1
- 2024Controllable Relation Disentanglement for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 1
- 2025Continuous Knowledge-Preserving Decomposition with Adaptive Layer Selection for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 1
- 2025Beyond Synthetic Replays: Turning Diffusion Features into Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning Knowledgecited by 1
- 2025Consistency-Driven Calibration and Matching for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 1
- 2025C-Flat++: Towards a More Efficient and Powerful Framework for Continual Learningcited by 1
- 2026Few-shot Class-Incremental Learning via Generative Co-Memory Regularizationcited by 1
- 2026A Faster Path to Continual Learningcited by 1
- 2022Expanding continual few-shot learning benchmarks to include recognition of specific instancescited by 0
- 2023Evolving Dictionary Representation for Few-shot Class-incremental Learningcited by 0
- 2024Like Humans to Few-Shot Learning through Knowledge Permeation of Vision and Textcited by 0
- 2024HateDebias: On the Diversity and Variability of Hate Speech Debiasingcited by 0
- 2024ER-FSL: Experience Replay with Feature Subspace Learning for Online Continual Learningcited by 0
- 2024Continual Gesture Learning without Data via Synthetic Feature Samplingcited by 0
- 2024AnchorInv: Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning of Physiological Signals via Representation Space Guided Inversioncited by 0
- 2025Sculpting Margin Penalty: Intra-Task Adapter Merging and Classifier Calibration for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 0
50 most cited of 56 All 56 (JSON)
- 2026BPG: Balancing Plasticity and Generalization for Domain Incremental Learning11 Aug 2026
- 2026Optical-Guided Neural Collapse for SAR Few-Shot Class Incremental Learning3 Jun 2026
- 2026Continual Segmentation under Joint Nonstationarity19 May 2026
- 2026A Faster Path to Continual Learning13 Apr 2026
- 2026Understanding the Role of Rehearsal Scale in Continual Learning under Varying Model Capacities24 Feb 2026
- 2026PKI: Prior Knowledge-Infused Neural Network for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning13 Jan 2026
- 2026Few-shot Class-Incremental Learning via Generative Co-Memory Regularization12 Jan 2026
- 2025SAFA-SNN: Sparsity-Aware On-Device Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning with Fast-Adaptive Structure of Spiking Neural Network4 Oct 2025
- 2025C-Flat++: Towards a More Efficient and Powerful Framework for Continual Learning26 Aug 2025
- 2025Sculpting Margin Penalty: Intra-Task Adapter Merging and Classifier Calibration for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning7 Aug 2025
- 2025Can Synthetic Images Conquer Forgetting? Beyond Unexplored Doubts in Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning18 Jul 2025
- 2025Revisiting Pool-based Prompt Learning for Few-shot Class-incremental Learning12 Jul 2025
38 more
- 2025Consistency-Driven Calibration and Matching for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning24 Jun 2025
- 2025Beyond Synthetic Replays: Turning Diffusion Features into Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning Knowledge30 Mar 2025
- 2025Latest Advancements Towards Catastrophic Forgetting under Data Scarcity: A Comprehensive Survey on Few-Shot Class Incremental Learning12 Feb 2025
- 2025Continuous Knowledge-Preserving Decomposition with Adaptive Layer Selection for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning9 Jan 2025
- 2024AnchorInv: Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning of Physiological Signals via Representation Space Guided Inversion18 Dec 2024
- 2024CLOSER: Towards Better Representation Learning for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning8 Oct 2024
- 2024Continual Gesture Learning without Data via Synthetic Feature Sampling21 Aug 2024
- 2024Towards Few-Shot Learning in the Open World: A Review and Beyond19 Aug 2024
- 2024ER-FSL: Experience Replay with Feature Subspace Learning for Online Continual Learning17 Jul 2024
- 2024Rethinking Few-shot Class-incremental Learning: Learning from Yourself10 Jul 2024
- 2024Mamba-FSCIL: Dynamic Adaptation with Selective State Space Model for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning8 Jul 2024
- 2024HateDebias: On the Diversity and Variability of Hate Speech Debiasing7 Jun 2024
- 2024Like Humans to Few-Shot Learning through Knowledge Permeation of Vision and Text21 May 2024
- 2024Calibrating Higher-Order Statistics for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning with Pre-trained Vision Transformers9 Apr 2024
- 2024Pre-trained Vision and Language Transformers Are Few-Shot Incremental Learners2 Apr 2024
- 2024Make Continual Learning Stronger via C-Flat1 Apr 2024
- 2024Controllable Relation Disentanglement for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning17 Mar 2024
- 2024Bias Mitigating Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning1 Feb 2024
- 2024PL-FSCIL: Harnessing the Power of Prompts for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning26 Jan 2024
- 2024Enhanced Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning via Ensemble Models14 Jan 2024
- 2024Enhancing Consistency and Mitigating Bias: A Data Replay Approach for Incremental Learning12 Jan 2024
- 2024Learning Prompt with Distribution-Based Feature Replay for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning3 Jan 2024
- 2023Continual Learning: Forget-free Winning Subnetworks for Video Representations19 Dec 2023
- 2023Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning via Training-Free Prototype Calibration8 Dec 2023
- 2023FeCAM: Exploiting the Heterogeneity of Class Distributions in Exemplar-Free Continual Learning25 Sep 2023
- 2023LFS-GAN: Lifelong Few-Shot Image Generation23 Aug 2023
- 2023Image-free Classifier Injection for Zero-Shot Classification21 Aug 2023
- 2023Neural Collapse Terminus: A Unified Solution for Class Incremental Learning and Its Variants3 Aug 2023
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Forgetting in Deep Learning Beyond Continual Learning16 Jul 2023
- 2023S3C: Self-Supervised Stochastic Classifiers for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning5 Jul 2023
- 2023Evolving Dictionary Representation for Few-shot Class-incremental Learning3 May 2023
- 2023A Survey on Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning17 Apr 2023
- 2023MASIL: Towards Maximum Separable Class Representation for Few Shot Class Incremental Learning8 Apr 2023
- 2023Semantic-visual Guided Transformer for Few-shot Class-incremental Learning27 Mar 2023
- 2023Forget-free Continual Learning with Soft-Winning SubNetworks27 Mar 2023
- 2023Semantic Prompt for Few-Shot Image Recognition24 Mar 2023
- 2023Neural Collapse Inspired Feature-Classifier Alignment for Few-Shot Class Incremental Learning6 Feb 2023
- 2023Towards Label-Efficient Incremental Learning: A Survey1 Feb 2023
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- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Continual Learning: Theory, Method and Applicationcited by 872
- 2022S-Prompts Learning with Pre-trained Transformers: An Occam's Razor for Domain Incremental Learningcited by 246
- 2023Neural Collapse Inspired Feature-Classifier Alignment for Few-Shot Class Incremental Learningcited by 116
- 2022Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning by Sampling Multi-Phase Taskscited by 88
- 2023FeCAM: Exploiting the Heterogeneity of Class Distributions in Exemplar-Free Continual Learningcited by 87
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Forgetting in Deep Learning Beyond Continual Learningcited by 69
- 2023A Survey on Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 48
- 2023Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning via Training-Free Prototype Calibrationcited by 46
- 2022On the Soft-Subnetwork for Few-shot Class Incremental Learningcited by 37
- 2024Make Continual Learning Stronger via C-Flatcited by 35
- 2023Semantic Prompt for Few-Shot Image Recognitioncited by 29
- 2023S3C: Self-Supervised Stochastic Classifiers for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learningcited by 23
12 most cited of 54 All 54 (JSON)
- 2026BPG: Balancing Plasticity and Generalization for Domain Incremental Learning11 Aug 2026
- 2026Optical-Guided Neural Collapse for SAR Few-Shot Class Incremental Learning3 Jun 2026
- 2026Continual Segmentation under Joint Nonstationarity19 May 2026
- 2026A Faster Path to Continual Learning13 Apr 2026
- 2026Understanding the Role of Rehearsal Scale in Continual Learning under Varying Model Capacities24 Feb 2026
- 2026PKI: Prior Knowledge-Infused Neural Network for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning13 Jan 2026
- 2026Few-shot Class-Incremental Learning via Generative Co-Memory Regularization12 Jan 2026
- 2025SAFA-SNN: Sparsity-Aware On-Device Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning with Fast-Adaptive Structure of Spiking Neural Network4 Oct 2025
- 2025C-Flat++: Towards a More Efficient and Powerful Framework for Continual Learning26 Aug 2025
- 2025Sculpting Margin Penalty: Intra-Task Adapter Merging and Classifier Calibration for Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning7 Aug 2025
- 2025Can Synthetic Images Conquer Forgetting? Beyond Unexplored Doubts in Few-Shot Class-Incremental Learning18 Jul 2025
- 2025Revisiting Pool-based Prompt Learning for Few-shot Class-incremental Learning12 Jul 2025
12 newest of 54 All 54 (JSON)