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A Review of Generalized Zero-Shot Learning Methods

arXiv 2011.08641 ↗First posted 17 Nov 2020cs.CVcited by 159

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Abstract (arXiv)

Generalized zero-shot learning (GZSL) aims to train a model for classifying data samples under the condition that some output classes are unknown during supervised learning. To address this challenging task, GZSL leverages semantic information of the seen (source) and unseen (target) classes to bridge the gap between both seen and unseen classes. Since its introduction, many GZSL models have been formulated. In this review paper, we present a comprehensive review on GZSL. Firstly, we provide an overview of GZSL including the problems and challenges. Then, we introduce a hierarchical categorization for the GZSL methods and discuss the representative methods in each category. In addition, we discuss the available benchmark data sets and applications of GZSL, along with a discussion on the research gaps and directions for future investigations.

Key facts. Cited by 159 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 17 Nov 2020.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 15; 2023: 35; 2024: 48; 2025: 39; 2026: 17.

159 papers.

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  1. 2024UniTS: A Unified Multi-Task Time Series Modelcited by 94
  2. 2023Frozen Language Model Helps ECG Zero-Shot Learningcited by 62
  3. 2021Subspace Regularizers for Few-Shot Class Incremental Learningcited by 56
  4. 2022A survey of multimodal deep generative modelscited by 47
  5. 2023Learning Generalized Zero-Shot Learners for Open-Domain Image Geolocalizationcited by 41
  6. 2024Pre-trained Vision and Language Transformers Are Few-Shot Incremental Learnerscited by 36
  7. 2022DUET: Cross-modal Semantic Grounding for Contrastive Zero-shot Learningcited by 33
  8. 2023ConZIC: Controllable Zero-shot Image Captioning by Sampling-Based Polishingcited by 33
  9. 2023Grasp-Anything: Large-scale Grasp Dataset from Foundation Modelscited by 33
  10. 2023A Review of Deep Learning for Video Captioningcited by 28
  11. 2023Primitive Generation and Semantic-related Alignment for Universal Zero-Shot Segmentationcited by 28
  12. 2023A Systematic Review of Few-Shot Learning in Medical Imagingcited by 28
38 more
  1. 2024Language-driven Grasp Detectioncited by 26
  2. 2024Out-of-Distribution Detection: A Task-Oriented Survey of Recent Advancescited by 26
  3. 2021A Survey on Epistemic (Model) Uncertainty in Supervised Learning: Recent Advances and Applicationscited by 24
  4. 2023Language-Driven Anchors for Zero-Shot Adversarial Robustnesscited by 23
  5. 2023Evolving Semantic Prototype Improves Generative Zero-Shot Learningcited by 20
  6. 2024Fine-Grained Side Information Guided Dual-Prompts for Zero-Shot Skeleton Action Recognitioncited by 19
  7. 2024SA-DVAE: Improving Zero-Shot Skeleton-Based Action Recognition by Disentangled Variational Autoencoderscited by 19
  8. 2024Enhancing Zero-Shot Facial Expression Recognition by LLM Knowledge Transfercited by 18
  9. 2022Visual Semantic Segmentation Based on Few/Zero-Shot Learning: An Overviewcited by 16
  10. 2024COMAE: COMprehensive Attribute Exploration for Zero-shot Hashingcited by 16
  11. 2022Cross-modal Representation Learning for Zero-shot Action Recognitioncited by 15
  12. 2021Learning from Multiple Noisy Partial Labelerscited by 14
  13. 2023Deep Learning for Cross-Domain Few-Shot Visual Recognition: A Surveycited by 14
  14. 2025Handling Out-of-Distribution Data: A Surveycited by 14
  15. 2025Object Detection with Multimodal Large Vision-Language Models: An In-depth Reviewcited by 14
  16. 2022Towards Open-Set Text Recognition via Label-to-Prototype Learningcited by 12
  17. 2024How Can I Get It Right? Using GPT to Rephrase Incorrect Trainee Responsescited by 12
  18. 2023Open-Vocabulary Animal Keypoint Detection with Semantic-feature Matchingcited by 11
  19. 2025Logits DeConfusion with CLIP for Few-Shot Learningcited by 11
  20. 2022Information Extraction in Low-Resource Scenarios: Survey and Perspectivecited by 10
  21. 2024What Do You See? Enhancing Zero-Shot Image Classification with Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 10
  22. 2024Algorithm Research of ELMo Word Embedding and Deep Learning Multimodal Transformer in Image Descriptioncited by 10
  23. 2022Segmenting Known Objects and Unseen Unknowns without Prior Knowledgecited by 9
  24. 2023Multi-Semantic Fusion Model for Generalized Zero-Shot Skeleton-Based Action Recognitioncited by 9
  25. 2024Aligning Knowledge Graph with Visual Perception for Object-goal Navigationcited by 9
  26. 2024RankCLIP: Ranking-Consistent Language-Image Pretrainingcited by 9
  27. 2024Contextual Emotion Recognition using Large Vision Language Modelscited by 9
  28. 2026SGAgent: Suggestion-Guided LLM-Based Multi-Agent Framework for Repository-Level Software Repaircited by 9
  29. 2021UncertaintyFuseNet: Robust Uncertainty-aware Hierarchical Feature Fusion Model with Ensemble Monte Carlo Dropout for COVID-19 Detectioncited by 8
  30. 2022Boosting Zero-shot Learning via Contrastive Optimization of Attribute Representationscited by 8
  31. 2024All models are wrong, some are useful: Model Selection with Limited Labelscited by 8
  32. 2023Bi-directional Distribution Alignment for Transductive Zero-Shot Learningcited by 7
  33. 2023Holistic Transfer: Towards Non-Disruptive Fine-Tuning with Partial Target Datacited by 7
  34. 2024A call for embodied AIcited by 7
  35. 2024Seeing Beyond Classes: Zero-Shot Grounded Situation Recognition via Language Explainercited by 7
  36. 2021Region Semantically Aligned Network for Zero-Shot Learningcited by 6
  37. 2022DC-cycleGAN: Bidirectional CT-to-MR Synthesis from Unpaired Datacited by 6
  38. 2024Spatial Transcriptomics Analysis of Zero-shot Gene Expression Predictioncited by 6

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