TransFER: Learning Relation-aware Facial Expression Representations with Transformers
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Abstract (arXiv)
Facial expression recognition (FER) has received increasing interest in computer vision. We propose the TransFER model which can learn rich relation-aware local representations. It mainly consists of three components: Multi-Attention Dropping (MAD), ViT-FER, and Multi-head Self-Attention Dropping (MSAD). First, local patches play an important role in distinguishing various expressions, however, few existing works can locate discriminative and diverse local patches. This can cause serious problems when some patches are invisible due to pose variations or viewpoint changes. To address this issue, the MAD is proposed to randomly drop an attention map. Consequently, models are pushed to explore diverse local patches adaptively. Second, to build rich relations between different local patches, the Vision Transformers (ViT) are used in FER, called ViT-FER. Since the global scope is used to reinforce each local patch, a better representation is obtained to boost the FER performance. Thirdly, the multi-head self-attention allows ViT to jointly attend to features from different information subspaces at different positions. Given no explicit guidance, however, multiple self-attentions may extract similar relations. To address this, the MSAD is proposed to randomly drop one self-attention module. As a result, models are forced to learn rich relations among diverse local patches. Our proposed TransFER model outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on several FER benchmarks, showing its effectiveness and usefulness.
Key facts. Cited by 85 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 19 of its 33 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 25 Aug 2021.
Builds on
19 of 33 references.
References · 19
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- 2020Transformer Interpretability Beyond Attention Visualizationcited by 620
- 2017AffectNet: A Database for Facial Expression, Valence, and Arousal Computing in the Wildcited by 490
- 2013Challenges in Representation Learning: A report on three machine learning contestscited by 301
- 2018DropBlock: A regularization method for convolutional networkscited by 261
7 more
- 2014Efficient Object Localization Using Convolutional Networkscited by 226
- 2016Training Deep Networks for Facial Expression Recognition with Crowd-Sourced Label Distributioncited by 158
- 2020Suppressing Uncertainties for Large-Scale Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 157
- 2019Region Attention Networks for Pose and Occlusion Robust Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 127
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- 2018Covariance Pooling For Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 37
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 25; 2023: 26; 2024: 15; 2025: 9; 2026: 9.
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- 2021SPViT: Enabling Faster Vision Transformers via Soft Token Pruningcited by 165
- 2022Learn From All: Erasing Attention Consistency for Noisy Label Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 67
- 2022POSTER: A Pyramid Cross-Fusion Transformer Network for Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 49
- 2022Intensity-Aware Loss for Dynamic Facial Expression Recognition in the Wildcited by 41
- 2023From Static to Dynamic: Adapting Landmark-Aware Image Models for Facial Expression Recognition in Videoscited by 39
- 2023SwinFace: A Multi-task Transformer for Face Recognition, Expression Recognition, Age Estimation and Attribute Estimationcited by 38
- 2023GPT-4V with Emotion: A Zero-shot Benchmark for Generalized Emotion Recognitioncited by 38
- 2022Vision Transformer with Attentive Pooling for Robust Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 35
- 2022Towards Semi-Supervised Deep Facial Expression Recognition with An Adaptive Confidence Margincited by 32
- 2023Learning Emotion Representations from Verbal and Nonverbal Communicationcited by 31
- 2023CLIPER: A Unified Vision-Language Framework for In-the-Wild Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 27
- 2022NR-DFERNet: Noise-Robust Network for Dynamic Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 26
38 more
- 2023POSTER++: A simpler and stronger facial expression recognition networkcited by 25
- 2022Peeling the Onion: Hierarchical Reduction of Data Redundancy for Efficient Vision Transformer Trainingcited by 24
- 2023Towards Evaluating Explanations of Vision Transformers for Medical Imagingcited by 22
- 2022Coarse-to-Fine Cascaded Networks with Smooth Predicting for Video Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 17
- 2023LA-Net: Landmark-Aware Learning for Reliable Facial Expression Recognition under Label Noisecited by 17
- 2023Leave No Stone Unturned: Mine Extra Knowledge for Imbalanced Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 17
- 2022Pose-disentangled Contrastive Learning for Self-supervised Facial Representationcited by 16
- 2022Facial Action Unit Detection and Intensity Estimation from Self-supervised Representationcited by 14
- 2023ReSup: Reliable Label Noise Suppression for Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 14
- 2025BAH Dataset for Ambivalence/Hesitancy Recognition in Videos for Digital Behavioural Changecited by 14
- 2023Unlocking the Emotional World of Visual Media: An Overview of the Science, Research, and Impact of Understanding Emotioncited by 12
- 2024Guided Interpretable Facial Expression Recognition via Spatial Action Unit Cuescited by 11
- 2022FeatER: An Efficient Network for Human Reconstruction via Feature Map-Based TransformERcited by 9
- 2022Emotion Separation and Recognition from a Facial Expression by Generating the Poker Face with Vision Transformerscited by 9
- 2022Revisiting Self-Supervised Contrastive Learning for Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 9
- 2022Minutiae-Guided Fingerprint Embeddings via Vision Transformerscited by 9
- 2023ARBEx: Attentive Feature Extraction with Reliability Balancing for Robust Facial Expression Learningcited by 9
- 2023FER-former: Multi-modal Transformer for Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 8
- 2024Exploring Facial Expression Recognition through Semi-Supervised Pretraining and Temporal Modelingcited by 8
- 2024AffectNet+: A Database for Enhancing Facial Expression Recognition with Soft-Labelscited by 8
- 2023PAtt-Lite: Lightweight Patch and Attention MobileNet for Challenging Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 7
- 2024A Multi-view Mask Contrastive Learning Graph Convolutional Neural Network for Age Estimationcited by 7
- 2022Transformers Meet Visual Learning Understanding: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 5
- 2023TempT: Temporal consistency for Test-time adaptationcited by 5
- 2024Task-adaptive Q-Facecited by 5
- 2024Facial Expression Analysis and Its Potentials in IoT Systems: A Contemporary Surveycited by 5
- 2025OpenFace 3.0: A Lightweight Multitask System for Comprehensive Facial Behavior Analysiscited by 5
- 2026Explainable graph attention network for stress recognition (StressGAT) via differential action unitscited by 5
- 2022CIAO! A Contrastive Adaptation Mechanism for Non-Universal Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 4
- 2022FaceTopoNet: Facial Expression Recognition using Face Topology Learningcited by 4
- 2022AU-Aware Vision Transformers for Biased Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 4
- 2023Exploring Large-scale Unlabeled Faces to Enhance Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 4
- 2023Unsupervised Facial Expression Representation Learning with Contrastive Local Warpingcited by 4
- 2023In the Blink of an Eye: Event-based Emotion Recognitioncited by 4
- 2025Multimodal Prompt Alignment for Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 4
- 2022How Well Do Vision Transformers (VTs) Transfer To The Non-Natural Image Domain? An Empirical Study Involving Art Classificationcited by 3
- 2022Rethinking the Learning Paradigm for Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 3
- 2022Deep representation learning: Fundamentals, Perspectives, Applications, and Open Challengescited by 3
50 most cited of 85 All 85 (JSON)
- 2026Differential Attention Unlocks Complementary EEG and Speech Fusion for Emotion Recognition25 Sep 2026
- 2026Sparse Attention to Emotion: Efficient Facial Emotion Recognition via Token Reduction9 Aug 2026
- 2026SRE-FER: Regional residual evidence learning for mitigating local evidence dilution in fine-grained facial expression recognition9 Aug 2026
- 2026Explainable graph attention network for stress recognition (StressGAT) via differential action units23 Jul 2026
- 2026LaCoVL-FER: Landmark-Guided Contrastive Learning Network with Vision-Language Enhancement for Facial Expression Recognition19 May 2026
- 2026EMO-BOOST: Emotion-Augmented Audio-Visual Features for Improved Generalization in Deepfake Detection19 May 2026
- 2026Emotion Diffusion Classifier with Adaptive Margin Discrepancy Training for Facial Expression Recognition31 Mar 2026
- 2026HATL: Hierarchical Adaptive-Transfer Learning Framework for Sign Language Machine Translation26 Feb 2026
- 2026Semi-Supervised Facial Expression Recognition based on Dynamic Threshold and Negative Learning9 Jan 2026
- 2025Text-guided Weakly Supervised Framework for Dynamic Facial Expression Recognition14 Nov 2025
- 2025Rethinking Facial Expression Recognition in the Era of Multimodal Large Language Models: Benchmark, Datasets, and Beyond1 Nov 2025
- 2025Learning Transferable Facial Emotion Representations from Large-Scale Semantically Rich Captions28 Jul 2025
38 more
- 2025Multimodal Prompt Alignment for Facial Expression Recognition26 Jun 2025
- 2025Facial Landmark Visualization and Emotion Recognition Through Neural Networks20 Jun 2025
- 2025OpenFace 3.0: A Lightweight Multitask System for Comprehensive Facial Behavior Analysis3 Jun 2025
- 2025BAH Dataset for Ambivalence/Hesitancy Recognition in Videos for Digital Behavioural Change25 May 2025
- 2025FIESTA: Fisher Information-based Efficient Selective Test-time Adaptation29 Mar 2025
- 2025SIT-FER: Integration of Semantic-, Instance-, Text-level Information for Semi-supervised Facial Expression Recognition24 Mar 2025
- 2024Facial Expression Analysis and Its Potentials in IoT Systems: A Contemporary Survey23 Dec 2024
- 2024Prior-based Objective Inference Mining Potential Uncertainty for Facial Expression Recognition20 Nov 2024
- 2024QCS: Feature Refining from Quadruplet Cross Similarity for Facial Expression Recognition4 Nov 2024
- 2024AffectNet+: A Database for Enhancing Facial Expression Recognition with Soft-Labels29 Oct 2024
- 2024Bridging the Gaps: Utilizing Unlabeled Face Recognition Datasets to Boost Semi-Supervised Facial Expression Recognition23 Oct 2024
- 2024GReFEL: Geometry-Aware Reliable Facial Expression Learning under Bias and Imbalanced Data Distribution21 Oct 2024
- 2024Knowledge-Enhanced Facial Expression Recognition with Emotional-to-Neutral Transformation13 Sep 2024
- 2024A Multi-view Mask Contrastive Learning Graph Convolutional Neural Network for Age Estimation23 Jul 2024
- 2024Batch Transformer: Look for Attention in Batch5 Jul 2024
- 2024Apprenticeship-Inspired Elegance: Synergistic Knowledge Distillation Empowers Spiking Neural Networks for Efficient Single-Eye Emotion Recognition20 Jun 2024
- 2024Task-adaptive Q-Face15 May 2024
- 2024Emotic Masked Autoencoder with Attention Fusion for Facial Expression Recognition19 Mar 2024
- 2024Exploring Facial Expression Recognition through Semi-Supervised Pretraining and Temporal Modeling18 Mar 2024
- 2024Guided Interpretable Facial Expression Recognition via Spatial Action Unit Cues1 Feb 2024
- 2024MIMIC: Mask Image Pre-training with Mix Contrastive Fine-tuning for Facial Expression Recognition14 Jan 2024
- 2023Hypergraph-Guided Disentangled Spectrum Transformer Networks for Near-Infrared Facial Expression Recognition10 Dec 2023
- 2023From Static to Dynamic: Adapting Landmark-Aware Image Models for Facial Expression Recognition in Videos9 Dec 2023
- 2023GPT-4V with Emotion: A Zero-shot Benchmark for Generalized Emotion Recognition7 Dec 2023
- 2023Multi Loss-based Feature Fusion and Top Two Voting Ensemble Decision Strategy for Facial Expression Recognition in the Wild6 Nov 2023
- 2023Leave No Stone Unturned: Mine Extra Knowledge for Imbalanced Facial Expression Recognition30 Oct 2023
- 2023In the Blink of an Eye: Event-based Emotion Recognition6 Oct 2023
- 2023A Generative Framework for Self-Supervised Facial Representation Learning15 Sep 2023
- 2023Exploiting Diverse Feature for Multimodal Sentiment Analysis25 Aug 2023
- 2023SwinFace: A Multi-task Transformer for Face Recognition, Expression Recognition, Age Estimation and Attribute Estimation22 Aug 2023
- 2023M2Former: Multi-Scale Patch Selection for Fine-Grained Visual Recognition4 Aug 2023
- 2023Unlocking the Emotional World of Visual Media: An Overview of the Science, Research, and Impact of Understanding Emotion25 Jul 2023
- 2023LA-Net: Landmark-Aware Learning for Reliable Facial Expression Recognition under Label Noise18 Jul 2023
- 2023PAtt-Lite: Lightweight Patch and Attention MobileNet for Challenging Facial Expression Recognition16 Jun 2023
- 2023ReSup: Reliable Label Noise Suppression for Facial Expression Recognition29 May 2023
- 2023Learning Emotion Representations from Verbal and Nonverbal Communication22 May 2023
- 2023ARBEx: Attentive Feature Extraction with Reliability Balancing for Robust Facial Expression Learning2 May 2023
- 2023Towards Evaluating Explanations of Vision Transformers for Medical Imaging12 Apr 2023
50 newest of 85 All 85 (JSON)
- 2022Learn From All: Erasing Attention Consistency for Noisy Label Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 67
- 2022POSTER: A Pyramid Cross-Fusion Transformer Network for Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 49
- 2022Intensity-Aware Loss for Dynamic Facial Expression Recognition in the Wildcited by 41
- 2023From Static to Dynamic: Adapting Landmark-Aware Image Models for Facial Expression Recognition in Videoscited by 39
- 2023SwinFace: A Multi-task Transformer for Face Recognition, Expression Recognition, Age Estimation and Attribute Estimationcited by 38
- 2023GPT-4V with Emotion: A Zero-shot Benchmark for Generalized Emotion Recognitioncited by 38
- 2022Vision Transformer with Attentive Pooling for Robust Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 35
- 2022Towards Semi-Supervised Deep Facial Expression Recognition with An Adaptive Confidence Margincited by 32
- 2023Learning Emotion Representations from Verbal and Nonverbal Communicationcited by 31
- 2023CLIPER: A Unified Vision-Language Framework for In-the-Wild Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 27
- 2022NR-DFERNet: Noise-Robust Network for Dynamic Facial Expression Recognitioncited by 26
- 2023POSTER++: A simpler and stronger facial expression recognition networkcited by 25
12 most cited of 80 All 80 (JSON)
- 2026Differential Attention Unlocks Complementary EEG and Speech Fusion for Emotion Recognition25 Sep 2026
- 2026Sparse Attention to Emotion: Efficient Facial Emotion Recognition via Token Reduction9 Aug 2026
- 2026SRE-FER: Regional residual evidence learning for mitigating local evidence dilution in fine-grained facial expression recognition9 Aug 2026
- 2026Explainable graph attention network for stress recognition (StressGAT) via differential action units23 Jul 2026
- 2026LaCoVL-FER: Landmark-Guided Contrastive Learning Network with Vision-Language Enhancement for Facial Expression Recognition19 May 2026
- 2026EMO-BOOST: Emotion-Augmented Audio-Visual Features for Improved Generalization in Deepfake Detection19 May 2026
- 2026HATL: Hierarchical Adaptive-Transfer Learning Framework for Sign Language Machine Translation26 Feb 2026
- 2026Semi-Supervised Facial Expression Recognition based on Dynamic Threshold and Negative Learning9 Jan 2026
- 2025Text-guided Weakly Supervised Framework for Dynamic Facial Expression Recognition14 Nov 2025
- 2025Learning Transferable Facial Emotion Representations from Large-Scale Semantically Rich Captions28 Jul 2025
- 2025Facial Landmark Visualization and Emotion Recognition Through Neural Networks20 Jun 2025
- 2025OpenFace 3.0: A Lightweight Multitask System for Comprehensive Facial Behavior Analysis3 Jun 2025
12 newest of 80 All 80 (JSON)