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Reinforcement Learning for Education: Opportunities and Challenges

arXiv 2107.08828 ↗First posted 15 Jul 2021cs.LG cs.AIcited by 25

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Abstract (arXiv)

This survey article has grown out of the RL4ED workshop organized by the authors at the Educational Data Mining (EDM) 2021 conference. We organized this workshop as part of a community-building effort to bring together researchers and practitioners interested in the broad areas of reinforcement learning (RL) and education (ED). This article aims to provide an overview of the workshop activities and summarize the main research directions in the area of RL for ED.

Key facts. Cited by 25 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 12 of its 54 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Jul 2021.

Builds on

12 of 54 references.

References · 12

  1. 2013Playing Atari with Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 3,274
  2. 2020PCGRL: Procedural Content Generation via Reinforcement Learningcited by 90
  3. 2020Policy Teaching via Environment Poisoning: Training-time Adversarial Attacks against Reinforcement Learningcited by 81
  4. 2020Aligning Superhuman AI with Human Behavior: Chess as a Model Systemcited by 79
  5. 2020Instructions and Guide for Diagnostic Questions: The NeurIPS 2020 Education Challengecited by 64
  6. 2018An Overview of Machine Teachingcited by 63
  7. 2018Deconfounding Reinforcement Learning in Observational Settingscited by 36
  8. 2021Adversarial Reinforcement Learning for Procedural Content Generationcited by 36
  9. 2019Interactive Teaching Algorithms for Inverse Reinforcement Learningcited by 24
  10. 2018Teaching Inverse Reinforcement Learners via Features and Demonstrationscited by 19
  11. 2020Synthesizing Tasks for Block-based Programmingcited by 19
  12. 2019Learner-aware Teaching: Inverse Reinforcement Learning with Preferences and Constraintscited by 18

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Citing papers per year: 2022: 8; 2023: 7; 2024: 5; 2025: 5.

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  1. 2022A Survey on Offline Reinforcement Learning: Taxonomy, Review, and Open Problemscited by 231
  2. 2022On Transforming Reinforcement Learning by Transformer: The Development Trajectorycited by 36
  3. 2023Near-Minimax-Optimal Risk-Sensitive Reinforcement Learning with CVaRcited by 32
  4. 2023The Generalization Gap in Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 26
  5. 2022Future-Dependent Value-Based Off-Policy Evaluation in POMDPscited by 21
  6. 2023Neural Task Synthesis for Visual Programmingcited by 13
  7. 2023Boosting Offline Reinforcement Learning with Action Preference Querycited by 12
  8. 2022Learning to Learn: How to Continuously Teach Humans and Machinescited by 9
  9. 2022From {Solution Synthesis} to {Student Attempt Synthesis} for Block-Based Visual Programming Taskscited by 8
  10. 2023Delphic Offline Reinforcement Learning under Nonidentifiable Hidden Confoundingcited by 7
  11. 2024FOKE: A Personalized and Explainable Education Framework Integrating Foundation Models, Knowledge Graphs, and Prompt Engineeringcited by 6
  12. 2024Towards Generalizable Agents in Text-Based Educational Environments: A Study of Integrating RL with LLMscited by 4
13 more
  1. 2022Transfer Q-learningcited by 3
  2. 2024Return-Aligned Decision Transformercited by 3
  3. 2022Equity and Fairness of Bayesian Knowledge Tracingcited by 2
  4. 2022Offline Equilibrium Findingcited by 2
  5. 2025Personalized Learning Path Planning with Goal-Driven Learner State Modelingcited by 2
  6. 2025Evolutionary Reinforcement Learning based AI tutor for Socratic Interdisciplinary Instructioncited by 2
  7. 2023Synthesizing a Progression of Subtasks for Block-Based Visual Programming Taskscited by 1
  8. 2023PCGPT: Procedural Content Generation via Transformerscited by 1
  9. 2024To Switch or Not to Switch? Balanced Policy Switching in Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
  10. 2024Auditing an Automatic Grading Model with deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
  11. 2025Learning to Optimize Feedback for One Million Students: Insights from Multi-Armed and Contextual Bandits in Large-Scale Online Tutoringcited by 0
  12. 2025Synthetic Data is Sufficient for Zero-Shot Visual Generalization from Offline Datacited by 0
  13. 2025Offline Clustering of Preference Learning with Active-data Augmentationcited by 0