Learn-to-Race: A Multimodal Control Environment for Autonomous Racing
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Abstract (arXiv)
Existing research on autonomous driving primarily focuses on urban driving, which is insufficient for characterising the complex driving behaviour underlying high-speed racing. At the same time, existing racing simulation frameworks struggle in capturing realism, with respect to visual rendering, vehicular dynamics, and task objectives, inhibiting the transfer of learning agents to real-world contexts. We introduce a new environment, where agents Learn-to-Race (L2R) in simulated competition-style racing, using multimodal information--from virtual cameras to a comprehensive array of inertial measurement sensors. Our environment, which includes a simulator and an interfacing training framework, accurately models vehicle dynamics and racing conditions. In this paper, we release the Arrival simulator for autonomous racing. Next, we propose the L2R task with challenging metrics, inspired by learning-to-drive challenges, Formula-style racing, and multimodal trajectory prediction for autonomous driving. Additionally, we provide the L2R framework suite, facilitating simulated racing on high-precision models of real-world tracks. Finally, we provide an official L2R task dataset of expert demonstrations, as well as a series of baseline experiments and reference implementations. We make all code available: https://github.com/learn-to-race/l2r.
Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 17 of its 34 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Mar 2021.
Builds on
17 of 34 references.
References · 17
- 2018Soft Actor-Critic: Off-Policy Maximum Entropy Deep Reinforcement Learning with a Stochastic Actorcited by 4,635
- 2013Auto-Encoding Variational Bayescited by 3,980
- 2017CARLA: An Open Urban Driving Simulatorcited by 2,431
- 2018DeepMind Control Suitecited by 935
- 2017End-to-end Driving via Conditional Imitation Learningcited by 479
- 2019Learning by Cheatingcited by 361
- 2018Differentiable MPC for End-to-end Planning and Controlcited by 178
- 2021Maximum Entropy RL (Provably) Solves Some Robust RL Problemscited by 169
- 2020Can Autonomous Vehicles Identify, Recover From, and Adapt to Distribution Shifts?cited by 139
- 2019A Survey of Deep Reinforcement Learning in Video Gamescited by 73
- 2020Diverse and Admissible Trajectory Forecasting through Multimodal Context Understandingcited by 68
- 2020Super-Human Performance in Gran Turismo Sport Using Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 60
5 more
- 2020Multimodal Safety-Critical Scenarios Generation for Decision-Making Algorithms Evaluationcited by 54
- 2020Multilayer Graph-Based Trajectory Planning for Race Vehicles in Dynamic Scenarioscited by 14
- 2013Simulated Car Racing Championship: Competition Software Manualcited by 8
- 2020Minimum Race-Time Planning-Strategy for an Autonomous Electric Racecarcited by 4
- 2020Real-Time Adaptive Velocity Optimization for Autonomous Electric Cars at the Limits of Handlingcited by 3
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 9; 2023: 6; 2024: 5; 2025: 1.
23 papers.
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- 2023Toward General-Purpose Robots via Foundation Models: A Survey and Meta-Analysiscited by 99
- 2022SafeBench: A Benchmarking Platform for Safety Evaluation of Autonomous Vehiclescited by 65
- 2022Autonomous Vehicles on the Edge: A Survey on Autonomous Vehicle Racingcited by 56
- 2023CAT: Closed-loop Adversarial Training for Safe End-to-End Drivingcited by 52
- 2021Core Challenges in Embodied Vision-Language Planningcited by 30
- 2023Choose Your Simulator Wisely: A Review on Open-source Simulators for Autonomous Drivingcited by 26
- 2022Evaluating Model-free Reinforcement Learning toward Safety-critical Taskscited by 18
- 2023MEGA-DAgger: Imitation Learning with Multiple Imperfect Expertscited by 17
- 2021Safe Autonomous Racing via Approximate Reachability on Ego-visioncited by 13
- 2024A Super-human Vision-based Reinforcement Learning Agent for Autonomous Racing in Gran Turismocited by 12
- 2024Hamilton-Jacobi Reachability in Reinforcement Learning: A Surveycited by 11
- 2022Planning with RL and episodic-memory behavioral priorscited by 8
11 more
- 2022SafeRL-Kit: Evaluating Efficient Reinforcement Learning Methods for Safe Autonomous Drivingcited by 6
- 2022Learn-to-Race Challenge 2022: Benchmarking Safe Learning and Cross-domain Generalisation in Autonomous Racingcited by 4
- 2022Solving Learn-to-Race Autonomous Racing Challenge by Planning in Latent Spacecited by 4
- 2025A Champion-level Vision-based Reinforcement Learning Agent for Competitive Racing in Gran Turismo 7cited by 4
- 2022Distribution-aware Goal Prediction and Conformant Model-based Planning for Safe Autonomous Drivingcited by 3
- 2024Adversarial and Reactive Traffic Entities for Behavior-Realistic Driving Simulation: A Reviewcited by 3
- 2024A Simulation Benchmark for Autonomous Racing with Large-Scale Human Datacited by 2
- 2024AARK: An Open Toolkit for Autonomous Racing Researchcited by 2
- 2023Towards Optimal Head-to-head Autonomous Racing with Curriculum Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
- 2022MicroRacer: a didactic environment for Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
- 2023Core Challenges in Embodied Vision-Language Planningcited by 0
- 2025A Champion-level Vision-based Reinforcement Learning Agent for Competitive Racing in Gran Turismo 712 Apr 2025
- 2024AARK: An Open Toolkit for Autonomous Racing Research1 Oct 2024
- 2024Adversarial and Reactive Traffic Entities for Behavior-Realistic Driving Simulation: A Review21 Sep 2024
- 2024A Simulation Benchmark for Autonomous Racing with Large-Scale Human Data23 Jul 2024
- 2024Hamilton-Jacobi Reachability in Reinforcement Learning: A Survey12 Jul 2024
- 2024A Super-human Vision-based Reinforcement Learning Agent for Autonomous Racing in Gran Turismo18 Jun 2024
- 2023Toward General-Purpose Robots via Foundation Models: A Survey and Meta-Analysis14 Dec 2023
- 2023Choose Your Simulator Wisely: A Review on Open-source Simulators for Autonomous Driving18 Nov 2023
- 2023CAT: Closed-loop Adversarial Training for Safe End-to-End Driving19 Oct 2023
- 2023Towards Optimal Head-to-head Autonomous Racing with Curriculum Reinforcement Learning25 Aug 2023
- 2023Core Challenges in Embodied Vision-Language Planning5 Apr 2023
- 2023MEGA-DAgger: Imitation Learning with Multiple Imperfect Experts1 Mar 2023
11 more
- 2022Distribution-aware Goal Prediction and Conformant Model-based Planning for Safe Autonomous Driving16 Dec 2022
- 2022Evaluating Model-free Reinforcement Learning toward Safety-critical Tasks12 Dec 2022
- 2022Planning with RL and episodic-memory behavioral priors5 Jul 2022
- 2022Solving Learn-to-Race Autonomous Racing Challenge by Planning in Latent Space4 Jul 2022
- 2022SafeBench: A Benchmarking Platform for Safety Evaluation of Autonomous Vehicles20 Jun 2022
- 2022SafeRL-Kit: Evaluating Efficient Reinforcement Learning Methods for Safe Autonomous Driving17 Jun 2022
- 2022Learn-to-Race Challenge 2022: Benchmarking Safe Learning and Cross-domain Generalisation in Autonomous Racing5 May 2022
- 2022MicroRacer: a didactic environment for Deep Reinforcement Learning20 Mar 2022
- 2022Autonomous Vehicles on the Edge: A Survey on Autonomous Vehicle Racing14 Feb 2022
- 2021Safe Autonomous Racing via Approximate Reachability on Ego-vision14 Oct 2021
- 2021Core Challenges in Embodied Vision-Language Planning26 Jun 2021
- 2022SafeBench: A Benchmarking Platform for Safety Evaluation of Autonomous Vehiclescited by 65
- 2022Autonomous Vehicles on the Edge: A Survey on Autonomous Vehicle Racingcited by 56
- 2023CAT: Closed-loop Adversarial Training for Safe End-to-End Drivingcited by 52
- 2022SafeRL-Kit: Evaluating Efficient Reinforcement Learning Methods for Safe Autonomous Drivingcited by 6
- 2022Distribution-aware Goal Prediction and Conformant Model-based Planning for Safe Autonomous Drivingcited by 3
- 2024Adversarial and Reactive Traffic Entities for Behavior-Realistic Driving Simulation: A Reviewcited by 3
- 2024Adversarial and Reactive Traffic Entities for Behavior-Realistic Driving Simulation: A Review21 Sep 2024
- 2023CAT: Closed-loop Adversarial Training for Safe End-to-End Driving19 Oct 2023
- 2022Distribution-aware Goal Prediction and Conformant Model-based Planning for Safe Autonomous Driving16 Dec 2022
- 2022SafeBench: A Benchmarking Platform for Safety Evaluation of Autonomous Vehicles20 Jun 2022
- 2022SafeRL-Kit: Evaluating Efficient Reinforcement Learning Methods for Safe Autonomous Driving17 Jun 2022
- 2022Autonomous Vehicles on the Edge: A Survey on Autonomous Vehicle Racing14 Feb 2022
- 2023Toward General-Purpose Robots via Foundation Models: A Survey and Meta-Analysiscited by 99
- 2021Core Challenges in Embodied Vision-Language Planningcited by 30
- 2023Choose Your Simulator Wisely: A Review on Open-source Simulators for Autonomous Drivingcited by 26
- 2022Evaluating Model-free Reinforcement Learning toward Safety-critical Taskscited by 18
- 2021Safe Autonomous Racing via Approximate Reachability on Ego-visioncited by 13
- 2024A Super-human Vision-based Reinforcement Learning Agent for Autonomous Racing in Gran Turismocited by 12
- 2024Hamilton-Jacobi Reachability in Reinforcement Learning: A Surveycited by 11
- 2022Planning with RL and episodic-memory behavioral priorscited by 8
- 2022Learn-to-Race Challenge 2022: Benchmarking Safe Learning and Cross-domain Generalisation in Autonomous Racingcited by 4
- 2022Solving Learn-to-Race Autonomous Racing Challenge by Planning in Latent Spacecited by 4
- 2025A Champion-level Vision-based Reinforcement Learning Agent for Competitive Racing in Gran Turismo 7cited by 4
- 2024A Simulation Benchmark for Autonomous Racing with Large-Scale Human Datacited by 2
12 most cited of 16 All 16 (JSON)
- 2025A Champion-level Vision-based Reinforcement Learning Agent for Competitive Racing in Gran Turismo 712 Apr 2025
- 2024AARK: An Open Toolkit for Autonomous Racing Research1 Oct 2024
- 2024A Simulation Benchmark for Autonomous Racing with Large-Scale Human Data23 Jul 2024
- 2024Hamilton-Jacobi Reachability in Reinforcement Learning: A Survey12 Jul 2024
- 2024A Super-human Vision-based Reinforcement Learning Agent for Autonomous Racing in Gran Turismo18 Jun 2024
- 2023Toward General-Purpose Robots via Foundation Models: A Survey and Meta-Analysis14 Dec 2023
- 2023Choose Your Simulator Wisely: A Review on Open-source Simulators for Autonomous Driving18 Nov 2023
- 2023Towards Optimal Head-to-head Autonomous Racing with Curriculum Reinforcement Learning25 Aug 2023
- 2023Core Challenges in Embodied Vision-Language Planning5 Apr 2023
- 2022Evaluating Model-free Reinforcement Learning toward Safety-critical Tasks12 Dec 2022
- 2022Planning with RL and episodic-memory behavioral priors5 Jul 2022
- 2022Solving Learn-to-Race Autonomous Racing Challenge by Planning in Latent Space4 Jul 2022
12 newest of 16 All 16 (JSON)