mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Learn-to-Race: A Multimodal Control Environment for Autonomous Racing

arXiv 2103.11575 ↗First posted 22 Mar 2021cs.RO cs.CV cs.LGcited by 23

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Abstract (arXiv)

Existing research on autonomous driving primarily focuses on urban driving, which is insufficient for characterising the complex driving behaviour underlying high-speed racing. At the same time, existing racing simulation frameworks struggle in capturing realism, with respect to visual rendering, vehicular dynamics, and task objectives, inhibiting the transfer of learning agents to real-world contexts. We introduce a new environment, where agents Learn-to-Race (L2R) in simulated competition-style racing, using multimodal information--from virtual cameras to a comprehensive array of inertial measurement sensors. Our environment, which includes a simulator and an interfacing training framework, accurately models vehicle dynamics and racing conditions. In this paper, we release the Arrival simulator for autonomous racing. Next, we propose the L2R task with challenging metrics, inspired by learning-to-drive challenges, Formula-style racing, and multimodal trajectory prediction for autonomous driving. Additionally, we provide the L2R framework suite, facilitating simulated racing on high-precision models of real-world tracks. Finally, we provide an official L2R task dataset of expert demonstrations, as well as a series of baseline experiments and reference implementations. We make all code available: https://github.com/learn-to-race/l2r.

Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 17 of its 34 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Mar 2021.

Builds on

17 of 34 references.

References · 17

  1. 2018Soft Actor-Critic: Off-Policy Maximum Entropy Deep Reinforcement Learning with a Stochastic Actorcited by 4,635
  2. 2013Auto-Encoding Variational Bayescited by 3,980
  3. 2017CARLA: An Open Urban Driving Simulatorcited by 2,431
  4. 2018DeepMind Control Suitecited by 935
  5. 2017End-to-end Driving via Conditional Imitation Learningcited by 479
  6. 2019Learning by Cheatingcited by 361
  7. 2018Differentiable MPC for End-to-end Planning and Controlcited by 178
  8. 2021Maximum Entropy RL (Provably) Solves Some Robust RL Problemscited by 169
  9. 2020Can Autonomous Vehicles Identify, Recover From, and Adapt to Distribution Shifts?cited by 139
  10. 2019A Survey of Deep Reinforcement Learning in Video Gamescited by 73
  11. 2020Diverse and Admissible Trajectory Forecasting through Multimodal Context Understandingcited by 68
  12. 2020Super-Human Performance in Gran Turismo Sport Using Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 60
5 more
  1. 2020Multimodal Safety-Critical Scenarios Generation for Decision-Making Algorithms Evaluationcited by 54
  2. 2020Multilayer Graph-Based Trajectory Planning for Race Vehicles in Dynamic Scenarioscited by 14
  3. 2013Simulated Car Racing Championship: Competition Software Manualcited by 8
  4. 2020Minimum Race-Time Planning-Strategy for an Autonomous Electric Racecarcited by 4
  5. 2020Real-Time Adaptive Velocity Optimization for Autonomous Electric Cars at the Limits of Handlingcited by 3

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Cited by year

Citing papers per year: 2021: 2; 2022: 9; 2023: 6; 2024: 5; 2025: 1.

23 papers.

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  1. 2023Toward General-Purpose Robots via Foundation Models: A Survey and Meta-Analysiscited by 99
  2. 2022SafeBench: A Benchmarking Platform for Safety Evaluation of Autonomous Vehiclescited by 65
  3. 2022Autonomous Vehicles on the Edge: A Survey on Autonomous Vehicle Racingcited by 56
  4. 2023CAT: Closed-loop Adversarial Training for Safe End-to-End Drivingcited by 52
  5. 2021Core Challenges in Embodied Vision-Language Planningcited by 30
  6. 2023Choose Your Simulator Wisely: A Review on Open-source Simulators for Autonomous Drivingcited by 26
  7. 2022Evaluating Model-free Reinforcement Learning toward Safety-critical Taskscited by 18
  8. 2023MEGA-DAgger: Imitation Learning with Multiple Imperfect Expertscited by 17
  9. 2021Safe Autonomous Racing via Approximate Reachability on Ego-visioncited by 13
  10. 2024A Super-human Vision-based Reinforcement Learning Agent for Autonomous Racing in Gran Turismocited by 12
  11. 2024Hamilton-Jacobi Reachability in Reinforcement Learning: A Surveycited by 11
  12. 2022Planning with RL and episodic-memory behavioral priorscited by 8
11 more
  1. 2022SafeRL-Kit: Evaluating Efficient Reinforcement Learning Methods for Safe Autonomous Drivingcited by 6
  2. 2022Learn-to-Race Challenge 2022: Benchmarking Safe Learning and Cross-domain Generalisation in Autonomous Racingcited by 4
  3. 2022Solving Learn-to-Race Autonomous Racing Challenge by Planning in Latent Spacecited by 4
  4. 2025A Champion-level Vision-based Reinforcement Learning Agent for Competitive Racing in Gran Turismo 7cited by 4
  5. 2022Distribution-aware Goal Prediction and Conformant Model-based Planning for Safe Autonomous Drivingcited by 3
  6. 2024Adversarial and Reactive Traffic Entities for Behavior-Realistic Driving Simulation: A Reviewcited by 3
  7. 2024A Simulation Benchmark for Autonomous Racing with Large-Scale Human Datacited by 2
  8. 2024AARK: An Open Toolkit for Autonomous Racing Researchcited by 2
  9. 2023Towards Optimal Head-to-head Autonomous Racing with Curriculum Reinforcement Learningcited by 1
  10. 2022MicroRacer: a didactic environment for Deep Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
  11. 2023Core Challenges in Embodied Vision-Language Planningcited by 0