mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Knowledge-aware Zero-Shot Learning: Survey and Perspective

arXiv 2103.00070 ↗First posted 26 Feb 2021cs.AI cs.LGcited by 41

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Abstract (arXiv)

Zero-shot learning (ZSL) which aims at predicting classes that have never appeared during the training using external knowledge (a.k.a. side information) has been widely investigated. In this paper we present a literature review towards ZSL in the perspective of external knowledge, where we categorize the external knowledge, review their methods and compare different external knowledge. With the literature review, we further discuss and outlook the role of symbolic knowledge in addressing ZSL and other machine learning sample shortage issues.

Key facts. Cited by 41 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 38 of its 75 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Feb 2021.

Builds on

38 of 75 references.

References · 38

  1. 2016Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 11,282
  2. 2016ConceptNet 5.5: An Open Multilingual Graph of General Knowledgecited by 1,065
  3. 2017Zero-Shot Learning -- A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Good, the Bad and the Uglycited by 536
  4. 2017Zero-Shot Relation Extraction via Reading Comprehensioncited by 425
  5. 2019Benchmarking Zero-shot Text Classification: Datasets, Evaluation and Entailment Approachcited by 299
  6. 2013Zero-Shot Learning Through Cross-Modal Transfercited by 237
  7. 2016Learning Deep Representations of Fine-grained Visual Descriptionscited by 182
  8. 2019f-VAEGAN-D2: A Feature Generating Framework for Any-Shot Learningcited by 164
  9. 2018Zero-shot Recognition via Semantic Embeddings and Knowledge Graphscited by 155
  10. 2016Learning a Deep Embedding Model for Zero-Shot Learningcited by 153
  11. 2013Zero-Shot Learning by Convex Combination of Semantic Embeddingscited by 135
  12. 2017Semantic Autoencoder for Zero-Shot Learningcited by 133
26 more
  1. 2019Zero-Shot Entity Linking by Reading Entity Descriptionscited by 124
  2. 2018Rethinking Knowledge Graph Propagation for Zero-Shot Learningcited by 87
  3. 2018Multi-modal Cycle-consistent Generalized Zero-Shot Learningcited by 87
  4. 2017Multi-Label Zero-Shot Learning with Structured Knowledge Graphscited by 72
  5. 2015Predicting Deep Zero-Shot Convolutional Neural Networks using Textual Descriptionscited by 64
  6. 2017Open-World Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 64
  7. 2020OWL2Vec*: Embedding of OWL Ontologiescited by 63
  8. 2019EL Embeddings: Geometric construction of models for the Description Logic EL ++cited by 48
  9. 2021OntoZSL: Ontology-enhanced Zero-shot Learningcited by 45
  10. 2015Ridge Regression, Hubness, and Zero-Shot Learningcited by 44
  11. 2016Less is more: zero-shot learning from online textual documents with noise suppressioncited by 40
  12. 2014A Unified Perspective on Multi-Domain and Multi-Task Learningcited by 33
  13. 2019A Survey on Knowledge Graph Embeddings with Literals: Which model links better Literal-ly?cited by 31
  14. 2020Generative Adversarial Zero-Shot Relational Learning for Knowledge Graphscited by 30
  15. 2020ZeroShotCeres: Zero-Shot Relation Extraction from Semi-Structured Webpagescited by 30
  16. 2020Inductive Link Prediction for Nodes Having Only Attribute Informationcited by 30
  17. 2020Self-supervised Knowledge Triplet Learning for Zero-shot Question Answeringcited by 29
  18. 2017Recent Advances in Zero-shot Recognitioncited by 28
  19. 2019Integrating Semantic Knowledge to Tackle Zero-shot Text Classificationcited by 28
  20. 2016Zero-Shot Visual Question Answeringcited by 20
  21. 2020Logic-guided Semantic Representation Learning for Zero-Shot Relation Classificationcited by 18
  22. 2018Knowledge-based Transfer Learning Explanationcited by 12
  23. 2020Stacked Adversarial Network for Zero-Shot Sketch based Image Retrievalcited by 11
  24. 2020Improving Zero Shot Learning Baselines with Commonsense Knowledgecited by 10
  25. 2020Ontology-guided Semantic Composition for Zero-Shot Learningcited by 6
  26. 2017An Empirical Evaluation of Visual Question Answering for Novel Objectscited by 4

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 16; 2023: 12; 2024: 4; 2025: 4; 2026: 2.

41 papers.

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  1. 2023Segment Anything Model for Medical Image Analysis: an Experimental Studycited by 291
  2. 2022DetCLIP: Dictionary-Enriched Visual-Concept Paralleled Pre-training for Open-world Detectioncited by 176
  3. 2022K-LITE: Learning Transferable Visual Models with External Knowledgecited by 79
  4. 2022Open-environment Machine Learningcited by 48
  5. 2021Zero-shot Visual Question Answering using Knowledge Graphcited by 37
  6. 2023Structure-CLIP: Towards Scene Graph Knowledge to Enhance Multi-modal Structured Representationscited by 37
  7. 2022Automated Clinical Coding: What, Why, and Where We Are?cited by 33
  8. 2022DUET: Cross-modal Semantic Grounding for Contrastive Zero-shot Learningcited by 33
  9. 2022Relational Message Passing for Fully Inductive Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 29
  10. 2023From Image to Language: A Critical Analysis of Visual Question Answering (VQA) Approaches, Challenges, and Opportunitiescited by 24
  11. 2021Zero-shot and Few-shot Learning with Knowledge Graphs: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 23
  12. 2023Rethinking Uncertainly Missing and Ambiguous Visual Modality in Multi-Modal Entity Alignmentcited by 20
29 more
  1. 2022LaKo: Knowledge-driven Visual Question Answering via Late Knowledge-to-Text Injectioncited by 18
  2. 2024Archer: A Human-Labeled Text-to-SQL Dataset with Arithmetic, Commonsense and Hypothetical Reasoningcited by 13
  3. 2023Large Knowledge Model: Perspectives and Challengescited by 12
  4. 2024Ontology Embedding: A Survey of Methods, Applications and Resourcescited by 12
  5. 2022Segmenting Known Objects and Unseen Unknowns without Prior Knowledgecited by 9
  6. 2022Disentangled Ontology Embedding for Zero-shot Learningcited by 8
  7. 2022A Survey on Visual Transfer Learning using Knowledge Graphscited by 7
  8. 2021Benchmarking Knowledge-driven Zero-shot Learningcited by 6
  9. 2022Model Inversion Attack against Transfer Learning: Inverting a Model without Accessing Itcited by 4
  10. 2023Towards Legally Enforceable Hate Speech Detection for Public Forumscited by 4
  11. 2025A Survey of Link Prediction in N-ary Knowledge Graphscited by 4
  12. 2023BUCA: A Binary Classification Approach to Unsupervised Commonsense Question Answeringcited by 3
  13. 2024KiNETGAN: Enabling Distributed Network Intrusion Detection through Knowledge-Infused Synthetic Data Generationcited by 3
  14. 2022Target-oriented Sentiment Classification with Sequential Cross-modal Semantic Graphcited by 2
  15. 2022Centerpoints Are All You Need in Overhead Imagerycited by 2
  16. 2023Beyond Transduction: A Survey on Inductive, Few Shot, and Zero Shot Link Prediction in Knowledge Graphscited by 2
  17. 2025Image-to-Video Transfer Learning based on Image-Language Foundation Models: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 2
  18. 2022Zero-Shot and Few-Shot Classification of Biomedical Articles in Context of the COVID-19 Pandemiccited by 1
  19. 2022Flexible Job Classification with Zero-Shot Learningcited by 1
  20. 2023Towards Zero-shot Relation Extraction in Web Mining: A Multimodal Approach with Relative XML Pathcited by 1
  21. 2023Graph vs. Sequence: An Empirical Study on Knowledge Forms for Knowledge-Grounded Dialoguecited by 1
  22. 2024Text-Guided Mixup Towards Long-Tailed Image Categorizationcited by 1
  23. 2025Zero-Shot Visual Deepfake Detection: Can AI Predict and Prevent Fake Content Before It's Created?cited by 1
  24. 2022Exploring Semantic Attributes from A Foundation Model for Federated Learning of Disjoint Label Spacescited by 0
  25. 2023A Systematic Evaluation and Benchmark for Embedding-Aware Generative Models: Features, Models, and Any-shot Scenarioscited by 0
  26. 2023Lattice-preserving ALC ontology embeddings with saturationcited by 0
  27. 2025Advancing Image-Based Grapevine Variety Classification with a New Benchmark and Evaluation of Masked Autoencoderscited by 0
  28. 2026A Knowledge-Injection Framework for Zero-Shot Adaptation of LLMs to Delirium Predictioncited by 0
  29. 2026CAST: Closed-form Analytic Semantic Transfer for Zero-Shot Classifier Extensioncited by 0