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OWL2Vec*: Embedding of OWL Ontologies

arXiv 2009.14654 ↗First posted 30 Sep 2020cs.AIcited by 63

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Abstract (arXiv)

Semantic embedding of knowledge graphs has been widely studied and used for prediction and statistical analysis tasks across various domains such as Natural Language Processing and the Semantic Web. However, less attention has been paid to developing robust methods for embedding OWL (Web Ontology Language) ontologies which can express a much wider range of semantics than knowledge graphs and have been widely adopted in domains such as bioinformatics. In this paper, we propose a random walk and word embedding based ontology embedding method named OWL2Vec*, which encodes the semantics of an OWL ontology by taking into account its graph structure, lexical information and logical constructors. Our empirical evaluation with three real world datasets suggests that OWL2Vec* benefits from these three different aspects of an ontology in class membership prediction and class subsumption prediction tasks. Furthermore, OWL2Vec* often significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in our experiments.

Key facts. Cited by 63 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 30 Sep 2020.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 7; 2022: 7; 2023: 14; 2024: 15; 2025: 12; 2026: 8.

63 papers.

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  1. 2021BERTMap: A BERT-based Ontology Alignment Systemcited by 45
  2. 2021Knowledge-aware Zero-Shot Learning: Survey and Perspectivecited by 41
  3. 2022Contextual Semantic Embeddings for Ontology Subsumption Predictioncited by 31
  4. 2022A Unified Review of Deep Learning for Automated Medical Codingcited by 26
  5. 2024Language Models as Hierarchy Encoderscited by 26
  6. 2022Machine Learning-Friendly Biomedical Datasets for Equivalence and Subsumption Ontology Matchingcited by 21
  7. 2023Dual Box Embeddings for the Description Logic EL++cited by 21
  8. 2023DeepOnto: A Python Package for Ontology Engineering with Deep Learningcited by 20
  9. 2021OntoEA: Ontology-guided Entity Alignment via Joint Knowledge Graph Embeddingcited by 19
  10. 2022Description Logic EL++ Embeddings with Intersectional Closurecited by 15
  11. 2023Dynamic Retrieval Augmented Generation of Ontologies using Artificial Intelligence (DRAGON-AI)cited by 14
  12. 2024Ontology Embedding: A Survey of Methods, Applications and Resourcescited by 12
38 more
  1. 2022pyRDF2Vec: A Python Implementation and Extension of RDF2Veccited by 8
  2. 2021Predicting Gene-Disease Associations with Knowledge Graph Embeddings over Multiple Ontologiescited by 6
  3. 2021Benchmarking Knowledge-driven Zero-shot Learningcited by 6
  4. 2023Truveta Mapper: A Zero-shot Ontology Alignment Frameworkcited by 5
  5. 2024On the Use of Large Language Models to Generate Capability Ontologiescited by 5
  6. 2024TransBox: EL++-closed Ontology Embeddingcited by 5
  7. 2023Benchmark datasets for biomedical knowledge graphs with negative statementscited by 4
  8. 2024Sandra -- A Neuro-Symbolic Reasoner Based On Descriptions And Situationscited by 4
  9. 2024Toward a Method to Generate Capability Ontologies from Natural Language Descriptionscited by 4
  10. 2025Language Models as Ontology Encoderscited by 4
  11. 2025Rewarding Explainability in Drug Repurposing with Knowledge Graphscited by 4
  12. 2023From axioms over graphs to vectors, and back again: evaluating the properties of graph-based ontology embeddingscited by 3
  13. 2023Towards Semantically Enriched Embeddings for Knowledge Graph Completioncited by 3
  14. 2025Large Language Models as Oracles for Ontology Alignmentcited by 3
  15. 2021Prediction of Adverse Biological Effects of Chemicals Using Knowledge Graph Embeddingscited by 2
  16. 2023Ontology Pre-training for Poison Predictioncited by 2
  17. 2024Embedding Ontologies via Incorporating Extensional and Intensional Knowledgecited by 2
  18. 2024A Self-matching Training Method with Annotation Embedding Models for Ontology Subsumption Predictioncited by 2
  19. 2024Chatbot-Based Ontology Interaction Using Large Language Models and Domain-Specific Standardscited by 2
  20. 2025GLaMoR: Consistency Checking of OWL Ontologies using Graph Language Modelscited by 2
  21. 2026To Neuro-Symbolic Classification and Beyond by Compiling Description Logic Ontologies to Probabilistic Circuitscited by 2
  22. 2022Modular design patterns for neural-symbolic integration: refinement and combinationcited by 1
  23. 2022Differentiable Fuzzy ALC: A Neural-Symbolic Representation Language for Symbol Groundingcited by 1
  24. 2023Biomedical Knowledge Graph Embeddings with Negative Statementscited by 1
  25. 2023Neuro-Symbolic RDF and Description Logic Reasoners: The State-Of-The-Art and Challengescited by 1
  26. 2023Navigating Healthcare Insights: A Birds Eye View of Explainability with Knowledge Graphscited by 1
  27. 2024Enhancing Geometric Ontology Embeddings for EL++ with Negative Sampling and Deductive Closure Filteringcited by 1
  28. 2024OWL2Vec4OA: Tailoring Knowledge Graph Embeddings for Ontology Alignmentcited by 1
  29. 2025RegD: Hierarchical Embeddings via Dissimilarity between Arbitrary Euclidean Regionscited by 1
  30. 2025Tripartite-GraphRAG via Plugin Ontologiescited by 1
  31. 2025T-TExTS (Teaching Text Expansion for Teacher Scaffolding): Enhancing Text Selection in High School Literature through Knowledge Graph-Based Recommendationcited by 1
  32. 2025OntoAligner Meets Knowledge Graph Embedding Alignerscited by 1
  33. 2021Principled Representation Learning for Entity Alignmentcited by 0
  34. 2023An Embedding-based Approach to Inconsistency-tolerant Reasoning with Inconsistent Ontologiescited by 0
  35. 2023Lattice-preserving ALC ontology embeddings with saturationcited by 0
  36. 2023Transforming Geospatial Ontologies by Homomorphismscited by 0
  37. 2024Ontology Enhanced Claim Detectioncited by 0
  38. 2024Ontological Relations from Word Embeddingscited by 0

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