Zero-Shot Entity Linking by Reading Entity Descriptions
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
We present the zero-shot entity linking task, where mentions must be linked to unseen entities without in-domain labeled data. The goal is to enable robust transfer to highly specialized domains, and so no metadata or alias tables are assumed. In this setting, entities are only identified by text descriptions, and models must rely strictly on language understanding to resolve the new entities. First, we show that strong reading comprehension models pre-trained on large unlabeled data can be used to generalize to unseen entities. Second, we propose a simple and effective adaptive pre-training strategy, which we term domain-adaptive pre-training (DAP), to address the domain shift problem associated with linking unseen entities in a new domain. We present experiments on a new dataset that we construct for this task and show that DAP improves over strong pre-training baselines, including BERT. The data and code are available at https://github.com/lajanugen/zeshel.
Key facts. Cited by 124 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 18 Jun 2019.
Builds on
No reference list yet.
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2021: 33; 2022: 26; 2023: 23; 2024: 23; 2025: 11; 2026: 8.
124 papers.
Sort:
By area:
- 2024Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation: A Surveycited by 320
- 2023Open-domain Visual Entity Recognition: Towards Recognizing Millions of Wikipedia Entitiescited by 112
- 2022State-of-the-art generalisation research in NLP: A taxonomy and reviewcited by 97
- 2022ReFinED: An Efficient Zero-shot-capable Approach to End-to-End Entity Linkingcited by 74
- 2021Neural Data Augmentation via Example Extrapolationcited by 54
- 2021Knowledge-aware Zero-Shot Learning: Survey and Perspectivecited by 41
- 2021Understanding Hard Negatives in Noise Contrastive Estimationcited by 39
- 2025A Survey on Knowledge-Oriented Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 34
- 2022WikiDiverse: A Multimodal Entity Linking Dataset with Diversified Contextual Topics and Entity Typescited by 33
- 2021Relational World Knowledge Representation in Contextual Language Models: A Reviewcited by 31
- 2021Knowledge-Rich Self-Supervision for Biomedical Entity Linkingcited by 31
- 2021Evaluating Entity Disambiguation and the Role of Popularity in Retrieval-Based NLPcited by 30
38 more
- 2021Learning to Generate Task-Specific Adapters from Task Descriptioncited by 28
- 2022What Are You Token About? Dense Retrieval as Distributions Over the Vocabularycited by 28
- 2021Zero-shot and Few-shot Learning with Knowledge Graphs: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 23
- 2023The Life Cycle of Knowledge in Big Language Models: A Surveycited by 23
- 2023Don't Stop Pretraining? Make Prompt-based Fine-tuning Powerful Learnercited by 23
- 2021Entity Linking and Discovery via Arborescence-based Supervised Clusteringcited by 22
- 2021Entity Linking Meets Deep Learning: Techniques and Solutionscited by 21
- 2022Label Semantics for Few Shot Named Entity Recognitioncited by 21
- 2021Towards Open-World Feature Extrapolation: An Inductive Graph Learning Approachcited by 20
- 2022Downstream Datasets Make Surprisingly Good Pretraining Corporacited by 20
- 2024LLMAEL: Large Language Models are Good Context Augmenters for Entity Linkingcited by 19
- 2025Graph-based Approaches and Functionalities in Retrieval-Augmented Generation: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 18
- 2023Rethinking Semi-supervised Learning with Language Modelscited by 17
- 2021Fast and Effective Biomedical Entity Linking Using a Dual Encodercited by 16
- 2021Learning from Language Description: Low-shot Named Entity Recognition via Decomposed Frameworkcited by 15
- 2021Cross-Domain Data Integration for Named Entity Disambiguation in Biomedical Textcited by 15
- 2022Visual Named Entity Linking: A New Dataset and A Baselinecited by 15
- 2021Read, Retrospect, Select: An MRC Framework to Short Text Entity Linkingcited by 14
- 2021CHOLAN: A Modular Approach for Neural Entity Linking on Wikipedia and Wikidatacited by 14
- 2023TempEL: Linking Dynamically Evolving and Newly Emerging Entitiescited by 14
- 2021DOCENT: Learning Self-Supervised Entity Representations from Large Document Collectionscited by 13
- 2021Event-Driven News Stream Clustering using Entity-Aware Contextual Embeddingscited by 12
- 2021LNN-EL: A Neuro-Symbolic Approach to Short-text Entity Linkingcited by 11
- 2021What Can Knowledge Bring to Machine Learning? -- A Survey of Low-shot Learning for Structured Datacited by 10
- 2022Efficient Nearest Neighbor Search for Cross-Encoder Models using Matrix Factorizationcited by 10
- 2021MuVER: Improving First-Stage Entity Retrieval with Multi-View Entity Representationscited by 9
- 2022Modeling Fine-grained Information via Knowledge-aware Hierarchical Graph for Zero-shot Entity Retrievalcited by 9
- 2024OneNet: A Fine-Tuning Free Framework for Few-Shot Entity Linking via Large Language Model Promptingcited by 9
- 2023AMELI: Enhancing Multimodal Entity Linking with Fine-Grained Attributescited by 8
- 2023Multilingual End to End Entity Linkingcited by 8
- 2024ChatEL: Entity Linking with Chatbotscited by 8
- 2021Reddit Entity Linking Datasetcited by 7
- 2024Entity Linking in the Job Market Domaincited by 7
- 2021Improving Zero-Shot Entity Retrieval through Effective Dense Representationscited by 6
- 2021Benchmarking Knowledge-driven Zero-shot Learningcited by 6
- 2021Survey on English Entity Linking on Wikidatacited by 6
- 2022Improving Entity Disambiguation by Reasoning over a Knowledge Basecited by 6
- 2022Effective Few-Shot Named Entity Linking by Meta-Learningcited by 6
50 most cited of 124 All 124 (JSON)
- 2026TWIX: a Two-Stage Approach for End-To-End Named Entity Recognition and Relation Extraction1 Sep 2026
- 2026Bridging Lexical Divergence: LLM-Assisted, Cost-Efficient, Zero-shot Scientific Entity Linking31 Aug 2026
- 2026From Location Phrases to Geographic Entities: Task-Adapted Retrieval for People Search29 Aug 2026
- 2026Relevance-Based Embeddings: Lightweight Candidate Retrieval via Heavy-Ranker Calls3 Jul 2026
- 2026LELA: An End-to-end LLM-based Entity Linking Framework with Zero-shot Domain Adaptation26 May 2026
- 2026ATLAS: Article Tracking, Linking, and Analysis of Swedish Encyclopedias4 May 2026
- 2026BioELX: Context-Aware Cross-lingual Biomedical Entity Linking without Task-Specific Supervision9 Apr 2026
- 2026LELA: an LLM-based Entity Linking Approach with Zero-Shot Domain Adaptation8 Jan 2026
- 2025MERLIN: A Testbed for Multilingual Multimodal Entity Recognition and Linking16 Oct 2025
- 2025DeepMEL: A Multi-Agent Collaboration Framework for Multimodal Entity Linking21 Aug 2025
- 2025Search-Optimized Quantization in Biomedical Ontology Alignment18 Jul 2025
- 2025EventHunter: Dynamic Clustering and Ranking of Security Events from Hacker Forum Discussions13 Jul 2025
38 more
- 2025DISCIE -- Discriminative Closed Information Extraction19 Jun 2025
- 2025LEMONADE: A Large Multilingual Expert-Annotated Abstractive Event Dataset for the Real World1 Jun 2025
- 2025Knowledge Graphs for Enhancing Large Language Models in Entity Disambiguation5 May 2025
- 2025Graph-based Approaches and Functionalities in Retrieval-Augmented Generation: A Comprehensive Survey8 Apr 2025
- 2025A Survey on Knowledge-Oriented Retrieval-Augmented Generation11 Mar 2025
- 2025Can Cross Encoders Produce Useful Sentence Embeddings?5 Feb 2025
- 2025Query Brand Entity Linking in E-Commerce Search3 Feb 2025
- 2024Enriching Social Science Research via Survey Item Linking20 Dec 2024
- 2024Unsupervised Named Entity Disambiguation for Low Resource Domains13 Dec 2024
- 2024DynamicER: Resolving Emerging Mentions to Dynamic Entities for RAG15 Oct 2024
- 2024TIGER: Temporally Improved Graph Entity Linker11 Oct 2024
- 2024CYCLE: Cross-Year Contrastive Learning in Entity-Linking11 Oct 2024
- 2024MELO: An Evaluation Benchmark for Multilingual Entity Linking of Occupations10 Oct 2024
- 2024OneNet: A Fine-Tuning Free Framework for Few-Shot Entity Linking via Large Language Model Prompting10 Oct 2024
- 2024M3EL: A Multi-task Multi-topic Dataset for Multi-modal Entity Linking8 Oct 2024
- 2024A Fresh Take on Stale Embeddings: Improving Dense Retriever Training with Corrector Networks3 Sep 2024
- 2024Real World Conversational Entity Linking Requires More Than Zeroshots2 Sep 2024
- 2024Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation: A Survey15 Aug 2024
- 2024Hybrid X-Linker: Automated Data Generation and Extreme Multi-label Ranking for Biomedical Entity Linking8 Jul 2024
- 2024LLMAEL: Large Language Models are Good Context Augmenters for Entity Linking4 Jul 2024
- 2024Mapping the Past: Geographically Linking an Early 20th Century Swedish Encyclopedia with Wikidata25 Jun 2024
- 2024Comparing Neighbors Together Makes it Easy: Jointly Comparing Multiple Candidates for Efficient and Effective Retrieval21 May 2024
- 2024Adaptive Retrieval and Scalable Indexing for k-NN Search with Cross-Encoders6 May 2024
- 2024Entity Disambiguation via Fusion Entity Decoding2 Apr 2024
- 2024Span-Oriented Information Extraction -- A Unifying Perspective on Information Extraction18 Mar 2024
- 2024OVEL: Large Language Model as Memory Manager for Online Video Entity Linking3 Mar 2024
- 2024ChatEL: Entity Linking with Chatbots20 Feb 2024
- 2024EntGPT: Entity Linking with Generative Large Language Models9 Feb 2024
- 2024Entity Linking in the Job Market Domain31 Jan 2024
- 2024BELHD: Improving Biomedical Entity Linking with Homonoym Disambiguation10 Jan 2024
- 2023A Read-and-Select Framework for Zero-shot Entity Linking19 Oct 2023
- 2023Revisiting Sparse Retrieval for Few-shot Entity Linking19 Oct 2023
- 2023xMEN: A Modular Toolkit for Cross-Lingual Medical Entity Normalization17 Oct 2023
- 2023Leave no Place Behind: Improved Geolocation in Humanitarian Documents6 Sep 2023
- 2023Biomedical Entity Linking with Triple-aware Pre-Training28 Aug 2023
- 2023Improving Few-shot and Zero-shot Entity Linking with Coarse-to-Fine Lexicon-based Retriever7 Aug 2023
- 2023Improving Multitask Retrieval by Promoting Task Specialization1 Jul 2023
- 2023Multilingual End to End Entity Linking15 Jun 2023
50 newest of 124 All 124 (JSON)
- 2024Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation: A Surveycited by 320
- 2025A Survey on Knowledge-Oriented Retrieval-Augmented Generationcited by 34
- 2025Graph-based Approaches and Functionalities in Retrieval-Augmented Generation: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 18
- 2024DynamicER: Resolving Emerging Mentions to Dynamic Entities for RAGcited by 4
- 2025Graph-based Approaches and Functionalities in Retrieval-Augmented Generation: A Comprehensive Survey8 Apr 2025
- 2025A Survey on Knowledge-Oriented Retrieval-Augmented Generation11 Mar 2025
- 2024DynamicER: Resolving Emerging Mentions to Dynamic Entities for RAG15 Oct 2024
- 2024Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation: A Survey15 Aug 2024
- 2023Open-domain Visual Entity Recognition: Towards Recognizing Millions of Wikipedia Entitiescited by 112
- 2022State-of-the-art generalisation research in NLP: A taxonomy and reviewcited by 97
- 2022ReFinED: An Efficient Zero-shot-capable Approach to End-to-End Entity Linkingcited by 74
- 2021Neural Data Augmentation via Example Extrapolationcited by 54
- 2021Knowledge-aware Zero-Shot Learning: Survey and Perspectivecited by 41
- 2021Understanding Hard Negatives in Noise Contrastive Estimationcited by 39
- 2022WikiDiverse: A Multimodal Entity Linking Dataset with Diversified Contextual Topics and Entity Typescited by 33
- 2021Relational World Knowledge Representation in Contextual Language Models: A Reviewcited by 31
- 2021Knowledge-Rich Self-Supervision for Biomedical Entity Linkingcited by 31
- 2021Evaluating Entity Disambiguation and the Role of Popularity in Retrieval-Based NLPcited by 30
- 2021Learning to Generate Task-Specific Adapters from Task Descriptioncited by 28
- 2022What Are You Token About? Dense Retrieval as Distributions Over the Vocabularycited by 28
12 most cited of 119 All 119 (JSON)
- 2026TWIX: a Two-Stage Approach for End-To-End Named Entity Recognition and Relation Extraction1 Sep 2026
- 2026Bridging Lexical Divergence: LLM-Assisted, Cost-Efficient, Zero-shot Scientific Entity Linking31 Aug 2026
- 2026From Location Phrases to Geographic Entities: Task-Adapted Retrieval for People Search29 Aug 2026
- 2026Relevance-Based Embeddings: Lightweight Candidate Retrieval via Heavy-Ranker Calls3 Jul 2026
- 2026LELA: An End-to-end LLM-based Entity Linking Framework with Zero-shot Domain Adaptation26 May 2026
- 2026ATLAS: Article Tracking, Linking, and Analysis of Swedish Encyclopedias4 May 2026
- 2026BioELX: Context-Aware Cross-lingual Biomedical Entity Linking without Task-Specific Supervision9 Apr 2026
- 2026LELA: an LLM-based Entity Linking Approach with Zero-Shot Domain Adaptation8 Jan 2026
- 2025MERLIN: A Testbed for Multilingual Multimodal Entity Recognition and Linking16 Oct 2025
- 2025Search-Optimized Quantization in Biomedical Ontology Alignment18 Jul 2025
- 2025EventHunter: Dynamic Clustering and Ranking of Security Events from Hacker Forum Discussions13 Jul 2025
- 2025DISCIE -- Discriminative Closed Information Extraction19 Jun 2025
12 newest of 119 All 119 (JSON)