DeepSFM: Structure From Motion Via Deep Bundle Adjustment
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Abstract (arXiv)
Structure from motion (SfM) is an essential computer vision problem which has not been well handled by deep learning. One of the promising trends is to apply explicit structural constraint, e.g. 3D cost volume, into the network. However, existing methods usually assume accurate camera poses either from GT or other methods, which is unrealistic in practice. In this work, we design a physical driven architecture, namely DeepSFM, inspired by traditional Bundle Adjustment (BA), which consists of two cost volume based architectures for depth and pose estimation respectively, iteratively running to improve both. The explicit constraints on both depth (structure) and pose (motion), when combined with the learning components, bring the merit from both traditional BA and emerging deep learning technology. Extensive experiments on various datasets show that our model achieves the state-of-the-art performance on both depth and pose estimation with superior robustness against less number of inputs and the noise in initialization.
Key facts. Cited by 70 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 20 Dec 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 14; 2022: 9; 2023: 15; 2024: 6; 2025: 14; 2026: 12.
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- 2025VGGT: Visual Geometry Grounded Transformercited by 1,475
- 2023Visual Geometry Grounded Deep Structure From Motioncited by 225
- 2021The Temporal Opportunist: Self-Supervised Multi-Frame Monocular Depthcited by 190
- 2022RelPose: Predicting Probabilistic Relative Rotation for Single Objects in the Wildcited by 102
- 2025Aether: Geometric-Aware Unified World Modelingcited by 94
- 2024Scene Coordinate Reconstruction: Posing of Image Collections via Incremental Learning of a Relocalizercited by 73
- 2022Motion Inspired Unsupervised Perception and Prediction in Autonomous Drivingcited by 59
- 2025Dynamic Point Maps: A Versatile Representation for Dynamic 3D Reconstructioncited by 43
- 2021Extreme Rotation Estimation using Dense Correlation Volumescited by 42
- 2023Dense RGB SLAM with Neural Implicit Mapscited by 42
- 2024FreeSplatter: Pose-free Gaussian Splatting for Sparse-view 3D Reconstructioncited by 40
- 2021Deep Two-View Structure-from-Motion Revisitedcited by 39
38 more
- 2023Tame a Wild Camera: In-the-Wild Monocular Camera Calibrationcited by 34
- 2021Unsupervised Learning of Visual 3D Keypoints for Controlcited by 30
- 2022SAGE: SLAM with Appearance and Geometry Prior for Endoscopycited by 28
- 2025MP-SfM: Monocular Surface Priors for Robust Structure-from-Motioncited by 25
- 2022LASER: LAtent SpacE Rendering for 2D Visual Localizationcited by 23
- 2022NOPE-SAC: Neural One-Plane RANSAC for Sparse-View Planar 3D Reconstructioncited by 21
- 2023Deep Learning for Camera Calibration and Beyond: A Surveycited by 20
- 2026VGGT-Omegacited by 20
- 2025SAIL-Recon: Large SfM by Augmenting Scene Regression with Localizationcited by 18
- 2022Neural Parameterization for Dynamic Human Head Editingcited by 16
- 2023DualRefine: Self-Supervised Depth and Pose Estimation Through Iterative Epipolar Sampling and Refinement Toward Equilibriumcited by 16
- 2021Deep Permutation Equivariant Structure from Motioncited by 15
- 2022Depth-Guided Sparse Structure-from-Motion for Movies and TV Showscited by 15
- 2024RecGS: Removing Water Caustic with Recurrent Gaussian Splattingcited by 15
- 2023Temporally Consistent Online Depth Estimation Using Point-Based Fusioncited by 12
- 2021DRO: Deep Recurrent Optimizer for Video to Depthcited by 10
- 2023Learning Structure-from-Motion with Graph Attention Networkscited by 10
- 2021Fusing the Old with the New: Learning Relative Camera Pose with Geometry-Guided Uncertaintycited by 9
- 2023EC-SfM: Efficient Covisibility-based Structure-from-Motion for Both Sequential and Unordered Imagescited by 9
- 20254D-VGGT: A General Foundation Model with SpatioTemporal Awareness for Dynamic Scene Geometry Estimationcited by 8
- 2021Matching in the Dark: A Dataset for Matching Image Pairs of Low-light Scenescited by 7
- 2021On the Sins of Image Synthesis Loss for Self-supervised Depth Estimationcited by 7
- 2025Unposed 3DGS Reconstruction with Probabilistic Procrustes Mappingcited by 6
- 2021Out-of-boundary View Synthesis Towards Full-Frame Video Stabilizationcited by 5
- 2021Vision-based system identification and 3D keypoint discovery using dynamics constraintscited by 5
- 2025Mono3R: Exploiting Monocular Cues for Geometric 3D Reconstructioncited by 5
- 2022Globally Consistent Video Depth and Pose Estimation with Efficient Test-Time Trainingcited by 4
- 2025TALO: Pushing 3D Vision Foundation Models Towards Globally Consistent Online Reconstructioncited by 4
- 2022DeepMLE: A Robust Deep Maximum Likelihood Estimator for Two-view Structure from Motioncited by 3
- 2023Uncertainty-Driven Dense Two-View Structure from Motioncited by 3
- 2023GeoScaler: Geometry and Rendering-Aware Downsampling of 3D Mesh Texturescited by 3
- 2025Mem4D: Decoupling Static and Dynamic Memory for Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 3
- 2026Distill3R: A Pipeline for Democratizing 3D Foundation Models on Commodity Hardwarecited by 3
- 2026Marginalized Bundle Adjustment: Multi-View Camera Pose from Monocular Depth Estimatescited by 3
- 2021On the Coupling of Depth and Egomotion Networks for Self-Supervised Structure from Motioncited by 2
- 2023ADU-Depth: Attention-based Distillation with Uncertainty Modeling for Depth Estimationcited by 2
- 2023Propagating Semantic Labels in Video Datacited by 2
- 2025UAV4D: Dynamic Neural Rendering of Human-Centric UAV Imagery using Gaussian Splattingcited by 2
50 most cited of 70 All 70 (JSON)
- 2026CLoSeR: Closing the Loop for Long-Context Streaming Reconstruction1 Oct 2026
- 2026OTT3R: Multi-View 3D Reconstruction and Fast Dataset Generation at 1% Compute28 Sep 2026
- 2026BLASt3R: Bundle Adjustment of Any Image Set with Multi-View Matching and Monocular Priors4 Sep 2026
- 2026Glob3R: Global Structure-from-Motion with 3D Foundation Models10 Jul 2026
- 2026Landscape-Awareness for Geometric View Diffusion Model19 May 2026
- 2026Tango3D: Towards Alignment for Global and Local 2D-3D Correspondence19 May 2026
- 2026VGGT-Omega14 May 2026
- 20263D Skew-Normal Splatting14 May 2026
- 2026VGGT-Segmentor: Geometry-Enhanced Cross-View Segmentation15 Apr 2026
- 2026Marginalized Bundle Adjustment: Multi-View Camera Pose from Monocular Depth Estimates21 Feb 2026
- 2026Distill3R: A Pipeline for Democratizing 3D Foundation Models on Commodity Hardware31 Jan 2026
- 2026360DVO: Deep Visual Odometry for Monocular 360-Degree Camera5 Jan 2026
38 more
- 2025TALO: Pushing 3D Vision Foundation Models Towards Globally Consistent Online Reconstruction2 Dec 2025
- 20254D-VGGT: A General Foundation Model with SpatioTemporal Awareness for Dynamic Scene Geometry Estimation23 Nov 2025
- 2025From Fields to Splats: A Cross-Domain Survey of Real-Time Neural Scene Representations28 Sep 2025
- 2025SAIL-Recon: Large SfM by Augmenting Scene Regression with Localization25 Aug 2025
- 2025Mem4D: Decoupling Static and Dynamic Memory for Dynamic Scene Reconstruction11 Aug 2025
- 2025Unposed 3DGS Reconstruction with Probabilistic Procrustes Mapping24 Jul 2025
- 2025Piggyback Camera: Easy-to-Deploy Visual Surveillance by Mobile Sensing on Commercial Robot Vacuums7 Jul 2025
- 2025A Probability-guided Sampler for Neural Implicit Surface Rendering10 Jun 2025
- 2025UAV4D: Dynamic Neural Rendering of Human-Centric UAV Imagery using Gaussian Splatting5 Jun 2025
- 2025MP-SfM: Monocular Surface Priors for Robust Structure-from-Motion28 Apr 2025
- 2025Mono3R: Exploiting Monocular Cues for Geometric 3D Reconstruction18 Apr 2025
- 2025Aether: Geometric-Aware Unified World Modeling24 Mar 2025
- 2025Dynamic Point Maps: A Versatile Representation for Dynamic 3D Reconstruction20 Mar 2025
- 2025VGGT: Visual Geometry Grounded Transformer14 Mar 2025
- 2024FreeSplatter: Pose-free Gaussian Splatting for Sparse-view 3D Reconstruction12 Dec 2024
- 2024Str-L Pose: Integrating Point and Structured Line for Relative Pose Estimation in Dual-Graph28 Aug 2024
- 2024RecGS: Removing Water Caustic with Recurrent Gaussian Splatting14 Jul 2024
- 2024Scene Coordinate Reconstruction: Posing of Image Collections via Incremental Learning of a Relocalizer22 Apr 2024
- 2024DVMNet++: Rethinking Relative Pose Estimation for Unseen Objects20 Mar 2024
- 2024DeepAAT: Deep Automated Aerial Triangulation for Fast UAV-based Mapping2 Feb 2024
- 2023GOEmbed: Gradient Origin Embeddings for Representation Agnostic 3D Feature Learning14 Dec 2023
- 2023Visual Geometry Grounded Deep Structure From Motion7 Dec 2023
- 2023GeoScaler: Geometry and Rendering-Aware Downsampling of 3D Mesh Textures28 Nov 2023
- 2023EAR-Net: Pursuing End-to-End Absolute Rotations from Multi-View Images16 Oct 2023
- 2023Propagating Semantic Labels in Video Data1 Oct 2023
- 2023ADU-Depth: Attention-based Distillation with Uncertainty Modeling for Depth Estimation26 Sep 2023
- 2023Semantic and Articulated Pedestrian Sensing Onboard a Moving Vehicle12 Sep 2023
- 2023Learning Structure-from-Motion with Graph Attention Networks30 Aug 2023
- 2023Tame a Wild Camera: In-the-Wild Monocular Camera Calibration19 Jun 2023
- 2023Temporally Consistent Online Depth Estimation Using Point-Based Fusion15 Apr 2023
- 2023DualRefine: Self-Supervised Depth and Pose Estimation Through Iterative Epipolar Sampling and Refinement Toward Equilibrium7 Apr 2023
- 2023Deep Learning for Camera Calibration and Beyond: A Survey19 Mar 2023
- 2023EC-SfM: Efficient Covisibility-based Structure-from-Motion for Both Sequential and Unordered Images21 Feb 2023
- 2023Uncertainty-Driven Dense Two-View Structure from Motion1 Feb 2023
- 2023Dense RGB SLAM with Neural Implicit Maps21 Jan 2023
- 2022NOPE-SAC: Neural One-Plane RANSAC for Sparse-View Planar 3D Reconstruction30 Nov 2022
- 2022Motion Inspired Unsupervised Perception and Prediction in Autonomous Driving14 Oct 2022
- 2022DeepMLE: A Robust Deep Maximum Likelihood Estimator for Two-view Structure from Motion11 Oct 2022
50 newest of 70 All 70 (JSON)
- 2025Aether: Geometric-Aware Unified World Modelingcited by 94
- 2026Glob3R: Global Structure-from-Motion with 3D Foundation Modelscited by 2
- 2026Glob3R: Global Structure-from-Motion with 3D Foundation Models10 Jul 2026
- 2025Aether: Geometric-Aware Unified World Modeling24 Mar 2025
- 2026Landscape-Awareness for Geometric View Diffusion Modelcited by 0
- 2026Landscape-Awareness for Geometric View Diffusion Model19 May 2026
- 2025VGGT: Visual Geometry Grounded Transformercited by 1,475
- 2023Visual Geometry Grounded Deep Structure From Motioncited by 225
- 2021The Temporal Opportunist: Self-Supervised Multi-Frame Monocular Depthcited by 190
- 2022RelPose: Predicting Probabilistic Relative Rotation for Single Objects in the Wildcited by 102
- 2024Scene Coordinate Reconstruction: Posing of Image Collections via Incremental Learning of a Relocalizercited by 73
- 2022Motion Inspired Unsupervised Perception and Prediction in Autonomous Drivingcited by 59
- 2025Dynamic Point Maps: A Versatile Representation for Dynamic 3D Reconstructioncited by 43
- 2021Extreme Rotation Estimation using Dense Correlation Volumescited by 42
- 2023Dense RGB SLAM with Neural Implicit Mapscited by 42
- 2024FreeSplatter: Pose-free Gaussian Splatting for Sparse-view 3D Reconstructioncited by 40
- 2021Deep Two-View Structure-from-Motion Revisitedcited by 39
- 2023Tame a Wild Camera: In-the-Wild Monocular Camera Calibrationcited by 34
12 most cited of 67 All 67 (JSON)
- 2026CLoSeR: Closing the Loop for Long-Context Streaming Reconstruction1 Oct 2026
- 2026OTT3R: Multi-View 3D Reconstruction and Fast Dataset Generation at 1% Compute28 Sep 2026
- 2026BLASt3R: Bundle Adjustment of Any Image Set with Multi-View Matching and Monocular Priors4 Sep 2026
- 2026Tango3D: Towards Alignment for Global and Local 2D-3D Correspondence19 May 2026
- 2026VGGT-Omega14 May 2026
- 20263D Skew-Normal Splatting14 May 2026
- 2026VGGT-Segmentor: Geometry-Enhanced Cross-View Segmentation15 Apr 2026
- 2026Marginalized Bundle Adjustment: Multi-View Camera Pose from Monocular Depth Estimates21 Feb 2026
- 2026Distill3R: A Pipeline for Democratizing 3D Foundation Models on Commodity Hardware31 Jan 2026
- 2026360DVO: Deep Visual Odometry for Monocular 360-Degree Camera5 Jan 2026
- 2025TALO: Pushing 3D Vision Foundation Models Towards Globally Consistent Online Reconstruction2 Dec 2025
- 20254D-VGGT: A General Foundation Model with SpatioTemporal Awareness for Dynamic Scene Geometry Estimation23 Nov 2025
12 newest of 67 All 67 (JSON)