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DeepSFM: Structure From Motion Via Deep Bundle Adjustment

arXiv 1912.09697 ↗First posted 20 Dec 2019cs.CVcited by 70

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Abstract (arXiv)

Structure from motion (SfM) is an essential computer vision problem which has not been well handled by deep learning. One of the promising trends is to apply explicit structural constraint, e.g. 3D cost volume, into the network. However, existing methods usually assume accurate camera poses either from GT or other methods, which is unrealistic in practice. In this work, we design a physical driven architecture, namely DeepSFM, inspired by traditional Bundle Adjustment (BA), which consists of two cost volume based architectures for depth and pose estimation respectively, iteratively running to improve both. The explicit constraints on both depth (structure) and pose (motion), when combined with the learning components, bring the merit from both traditional BA and emerging deep learning technology. Extensive experiments on various datasets show that our model achieves the state-of-the-art performance on both depth and pose estimation with superior robustness against less number of inputs and the noise in initialization.

Key facts. Cited by 70 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 20 Dec 2019.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 14; 2022: 9; 2023: 15; 2024: 6; 2025: 14; 2026: 12.

70 papers.

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  1. 2025VGGT: Visual Geometry Grounded Transformercited by 1,475
  2. 2023Visual Geometry Grounded Deep Structure From Motioncited by 225
  3. 2021The Temporal Opportunist: Self-Supervised Multi-Frame Monocular Depthcited by 190
  4. 2022RelPose: Predicting Probabilistic Relative Rotation for Single Objects in the Wildcited by 102
  5. 2025Aether: Geometric-Aware Unified World Modelingcited by 94
  6. 2024Scene Coordinate Reconstruction: Posing of Image Collections via Incremental Learning of a Relocalizercited by 73
  7. 2022Motion Inspired Unsupervised Perception and Prediction in Autonomous Drivingcited by 59
  8. 2025Dynamic Point Maps: A Versatile Representation for Dynamic 3D Reconstructioncited by 43
  9. 2021Extreme Rotation Estimation using Dense Correlation Volumescited by 42
  10. 2023Dense RGB SLAM with Neural Implicit Mapscited by 42
  11. 2024FreeSplatter: Pose-free Gaussian Splatting for Sparse-view 3D Reconstructioncited by 40
  12. 2021Deep Two-View Structure-from-Motion Revisitedcited by 39
38 more
  1. 2023Tame a Wild Camera: In-the-Wild Monocular Camera Calibrationcited by 34
  2. 2021Unsupervised Learning of Visual 3D Keypoints for Controlcited by 30
  3. 2022SAGE: SLAM with Appearance and Geometry Prior for Endoscopycited by 28
  4. 2025MP-SfM: Monocular Surface Priors for Robust Structure-from-Motioncited by 25
  5. 2022LASER: LAtent SpacE Rendering for 2D Visual Localizationcited by 23
  6. 2022NOPE-SAC: Neural One-Plane RANSAC for Sparse-View Planar 3D Reconstructioncited by 21
  7. 2023Deep Learning for Camera Calibration and Beyond: A Surveycited by 20
  8. 2026VGGT-Omegacited by 20
  9. 2025SAIL-Recon: Large SfM by Augmenting Scene Regression with Localizationcited by 18
  10. 2022Neural Parameterization for Dynamic Human Head Editingcited by 16
  11. 2023DualRefine: Self-Supervised Depth and Pose Estimation Through Iterative Epipolar Sampling and Refinement Toward Equilibriumcited by 16
  12. 2021Deep Permutation Equivariant Structure from Motioncited by 15
  13. 2022Depth-Guided Sparse Structure-from-Motion for Movies and TV Showscited by 15
  14. 2024RecGS: Removing Water Caustic with Recurrent Gaussian Splattingcited by 15
  15. 2023Temporally Consistent Online Depth Estimation Using Point-Based Fusioncited by 12
  16. 2021DRO: Deep Recurrent Optimizer for Video to Depthcited by 10
  17. 2023Learning Structure-from-Motion with Graph Attention Networkscited by 10
  18. 2021Fusing the Old with the New: Learning Relative Camera Pose with Geometry-Guided Uncertaintycited by 9
  19. 2023EC-SfM: Efficient Covisibility-based Structure-from-Motion for Both Sequential and Unordered Imagescited by 9
  20. 20254D-VGGT: A General Foundation Model with SpatioTemporal Awareness for Dynamic Scene Geometry Estimationcited by 8
  21. 2021Matching in the Dark: A Dataset for Matching Image Pairs of Low-light Scenescited by 7
  22. 2021On the Sins of Image Synthesis Loss for Self-supervised Depth Estimationcited by 7
  23. 2025Unposed 3DGS Reconstruction with Probabilistic Procrustes Mappingcited by 6
  24. 2021Out-of-boundary View Synthesis Towards Full-Frame Video Stabilizationcited by 5
  25. 2021Vision-based system identification and 3D keypoint discovery using dynamics constraintscited by 5
  26. 2025Mono3R: Exploiting Monocular Cues for Geometric 3D Reconstructioncited by 5
  27. 2022Globally Consistent Video Depth and Pose Estimation with Efficient Test-Time Trainingcited by 4
  28. 2025TALO: Pushing 3D Vision Foundation Models Towards Globally Consistent Online Reconstructioncited by 4
  29. 2022DeepMLE: A Robust Deep Maximum Likelihood Estimator for Two-view Structure from Motioncited by 3
  30. 2023Uncertainty-Driven Dense Two-View Structure from Motioncited by 3
  31. 2023GeoScaler: Geometry and Rendering-Aware Downsampling of 3D Mesh Texturescited by 3
  32. 2025Mem4D: Decoupling Static and Dynamic Memory for Dynamic Scene Reconstructioncited by 3
  33. 2026Distill3R: A Pipeline for Democratizing 3D Foundation Models on Commodity Hardwarecited by 3
  34. 2026Marginalized Bundle Adjustment: Multi-View Camera Pose from Monocular Depth Estimatescited by 3
  35. 2021On the Coupling of Depth and Egomotion Networks for Self-Supervised Structure from Motioncited by 2
  36. 2023ADU-Depth: Attention-based Distillation with Uncertainty Modeling for Depth Estimationcited by 2
  37. 2023Propagating Semantic Labels in Video Datacited by 2
  38. 2025UAV4D: Dynamic Neural Rendering of Human-Centric UAV Imagery using Gaussian Splattingcited by 2

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