Making an Invisibility Cloak: Real World Adversarial Attacks on Object Detectors
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present a systematic study of adversarial attacks on state-of-the-art object detection frameworks. Using standard detection datasets, we train patterns that suppress the objectness scores produced by a range of commonly used detectors, and ensembles of detectors. Through extensive experiments, we benchmark the effectiveness of adversarially trained patches under both white-box and black-box settings, and quantify transferability of attacks between datasets, object classes, and detector models. Finally, we present a detailed study of physical world attacks using printed posters and wearable clothes, and rigorously quantify the performance of such attacks with different metrics.
Key facts. Cited by 155 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 31 Oct 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 27; 2022: 40; 2023: 41; 2024: 23; 2025: 14; 2026: 10.
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- 2023Baseline Defenses for Adversarial Attacks Against Aligned Language Modelscited by 608
- 2021Advances in adversarial attacks and defenses in computer vision: A surveycited by 127
- 2022Adversarial Texture for Fooling Person Detectors in the Physical Worldcited by 96
- 2021LowKey: Leveraging Adversarial Attacks to Protect Social Media Users from Facial Recognitioncited by 92
- 2021Adversarial Sticker: A Stealthy Attack Method in the Physical Worldcited by 92
- 2021Improving Transferability of Adversarial Patches on Face Recognition with Generative Modelscited by 80
- 2021FCA: Learning a 3D Full-coverage Vehicle Camouflage for Multi-view Physical Adversarial Attackcited by 74
- 2021Segment and Complete: Defending Object Detectors against Adversarial Patch Attacks with Robust Patch Detectioncited by 67
- 2022Physical Adversarial Attack meets Computer Vision: A Decade Surveycited by 66
- 2023Black Box Adversarial Prompting for Foundation Modelscited by 62
- 2022T-SEA: Transfer-based Self-Ensemble Attack on Object Detectioncited by 59
- 2021Evaluating the Robustness of Semantic Segmentation for Autonomous Driving against Real-World Adversarial Patch Attackscited by 55
38 more
- 2021Exploring Adversarial Robustness of Multi-Sensor Perception Systems in Self Drivingcited by 45
- 2021Certified Patch Robustness via Smoothed Vision Transformerscited by 44
- 2022Towards Practical Certifiable Patch Defense with Vision Transformercited by 44
- 2023Physically Realizable Natural-Looking Clothing Textures Evade Person Detectors via 3D Modelingcited by 41
- 2023DAP: A Dynamic Adversarial Patch for Evading Person Detectorscited by 40
- 2023Does Physical Adversarial Example Really Matter to Autonomous Driving? Towards System-Level Effect of Adversarial Object Evasion Attackcited by 37
- 2021Inspect, Understand, Overcome: A Survey of Practical Methods for AI Safetycited by 35
- 2021Physical Adversarial Attacks on an Aerial Imagery Object Detectorcited by 35
- 2024PAD: Patch-Agnostic Defense against Adversarial Patch Attackscited by 31
- 2022On the Real-World Adversarial Robustness of Real-Time Semantic Segmentation Models for Autonomous Drivingcited by 30
- 2021DetectorGuard: Provably Securing Object Detectors against Localized Patch Hiding Attackscited by 28
- 2022Phantom Sponges: Exploiting Non-Maximum Suppression to Attack Deep Object Detectorscited by 28
- 2022Gradient Methods Provably Converge to Non-Robust Networkscited by 27
- 2022HOTCOLD Block: Fooling Thermal Infrared Detectors with a Novel Wearable Designcited by 27
- 2022A Survey on Physical Adversarial Attack in Computer Visioncited by 24
- 2023The Double-Edged Sword of Implicit Bias: Generalization vs. Robustness in ReLU Networkscited by 23
- 2022ObjectSeeker: Certifiably Robust Object Detection against Patch Hiding Attacks via Patch-agnostic Maskingcited by 22
- 2022SoK: On the Semantic AI Security in Autonomous Drivingcited by 22
- 2022Benchmarking Adversarial Patch Against Aerial Detectioncited by 21
- 2022Dangerous Cloaking: Natural Trigger based Backdoor Attacks on Object Detectors in the Physical Worldcited by 20
- 2023Physical Adversarial Attacks For Camera-based Smart Systems: Current Trends, Categorization, Applications, Research Challenges, and Future Outlookcited by 20
- 2021Adversarial Mask: Real-World Universal Adversarial Attack on Face Recognition Modelcited by 19
- 2023Attacks in Adversarial Machine Learning: A Systematic Survey from the Life-cycle Perspectivecited by 19
- 2023Query-Efficient Decision-based Black-Box Patch Attackcited by 19
- 2021Context-Aware Transfer Attacks for Object Detectioncited by 18
- 2022Zero-Query Transfer Attacks on Context-Aware Object Detectorscited by 17
- 2022REAP: A Large-Scale Realistic Adversarial Patch Benchmarkcited by 17
- 2023Adversarial Training of Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimation against Physical-World Attackscited by 17
- 2021Shift Invariance Can Reduce Adversarial Robustnesscited by 16
- 2021SoK: Anti-Facial Recognition Technologycited by 16
- 2023Ensemble-based Blackbox Attacks on Dense Predictioncited by 16
- 2021ScaleCert: Scalable Certified Defense against Adversarial Patches with Sparse Superficial Layerscited by 15
- 2023FACE-AUDITOR: Data Auditing in Facial Recognition Systemscited by 15
- 2023Physical Adversarial Attacks for Surveillance: A Surveycited by 15
- 2021Differentially Private Imaging via Latent Space Manipulationcited by 13
- 2021DeepBlur: A Simple and Effective Method for Natural Image Obfuscationcited by 13
- 2022Feasibility of Inconspicuous GAN-generated Adversarial Patches against Object Detectioncited by 13
- 2022Blackbox Attacks via Surrogate Ensemble Searchcited by 13
50 most cited of 155 All 155 (JSON)
- 2026Can Attack Difficulty Be Characterized Before Optimization? A Study of Pre-optimization Difficulty in Person-Vanishing Attacks28 Sep 2026
- 2026Printability-Constrained Adversarial Decals for Near-Nadir Aerial Perception: Measured Ink Gamuts, Nested Realism Constraints, and a Physical-World Bound27 Sep 2026
- 2026Stealthy in Semantics, Antagonistic in Space: Attacking Visible-Infrared Object Detectors via Object-Level Misalignment16 Sep 2026
- 2026Physical Adversarial Examples for Person Detectors in Thermal Images Based on 3D Modeling31 Aug 2026
- 2026ALLUDE: A Unified Evaluation System for Configurable Attacks in Differentiable Environments19 Jul 2026
- 2026Physical Adversarial Clothing Evades Visible-Thermal Detectors via Non-Overlapping RGB-T Pattern6 May 2026
- 2026Defending against Patch-Based and Texture-Based Adversarial Attacks with Spectral Decomposition12 Apr 2026
- 2026Physical Adversarial Attacks on AI Surveillance Systems:Detection, Tracking, and Visible--Infrared Evasion8 Apr 2026
- 2026Thermal Topology Collapse: Universal Physical Patch Attacks on Infrared Vision Systems23 Mar 2026
- 2026Higher-Order Adversarial Patches for Real-Time Object Detectors8 Jan 2026
- 2025Robust Physical Adversarial Patches Using Dynamically Optimized Clusters23 Nov 2025
- 2025Thermally Activated Dual-Modal Adversarial Clothing against AI Surveillance Systems13 Nov 2025
38 more
- 2025A Single Set of Adversarial Clothes Breaks Multiple Defense Methods in the Physical World20 Oct 2025
- 2025Vision Transformers: the threat of realistic adversarial patches25 Sep 2025
- 2025Towards Powerful and Practical Patch Attacks for 2D Object Detection in Autonomous Driving14 Aug 2025
- 2025Understanding the Risks of Asphalt Art to the Reliability of Vision-Based Perception Systems4 Aug 2025
- 2025Revisiting Adversarial Patch Defenses on Object Detectors: Unified Evaluation, Large-Scale Dataset, and New Insights1 Aug 2025
- 2025PBCAT: Patch-based composite adversarial training against physically realizable attacks on object detection30 Jun 2025
- 2025Position: Certified Robustness Does Not (Yet) Imply Model Security16 Jun 2025
- 2025Adversarial Examples in Environment Perception for Automated Driving (Review)11 Apr 2025
- 2025A Survey of Adversarial Defenses in Vision-based Systems: Categorization, Methods and Challenges1 Mar 2025
- 2025Disentangling Safe and Unsafe Corruptions via Anisotropy and Locality30 Jan 2025
- 2025A Privacy Enhancing Technique to Evade Detection by Street Video Cameras Without Using Adversarial Accessories26 Jan 2025
- 2025Towards an End-to-End (E2E) Adversarial Learning and Application in the Physical World14 Jan 2025
- 2024Physics-Based Adversarial Attack on Near-Infrared Human Detector for Nighttime Surveillance Camera Systems18 Dec 2024
- 2024Exploiting Vision Encoder Vulnerabilities for Universal Adversarial Perturbations on Large Vision-Language Models11 Dec 2024
- 2024Generalizable Targeted Data Poisoning against Varying Physical Objects5 Dec 2024
- 2024Hijacking Vision-and-Language Navigation Agents with Adversarial Environmental Attacks3 Dec 2024
- 2024BadPatch: Diffusion-Based Generation of Physical Adversarial Patches2 Dec 2024
- 2024Prompt-Guided Environmentally Consistent Adversarial Patch15 Nov 2024
- 2024ROSAR: An Adversarial Re-Training Framework for Robust Side-Scan Sonar Object Detection14 Oct 2024
- 2024Impact of White-Box Adversarial Attacks on Convolutional Neural Networks2 Oct 2024
- 2024From COCO to COCO-FP: A Deep Dive into Background False Positives for COCO Detectors12 Sep 2024
- 2024Network transferability of adversarial patches in real-time object detection28 Aug 2024
- 2024Attack Anything: Blind DNNs via Universal Background Adversarial Attack17 Aug 2024
- 2024PADetBench: Towards Benchmarking Physical Attacks against Object Detection17 Aug 2024
- 2024DePatch: Towards Robust Adversarial Patch for Evading Person Detectors in the Real World13 Aug 2024
- 2024A Survey and Evaluation of Adversarial Attacks for Object Detection4 Aug 2024
- 2024Multi-View Black-Box Physical Attacks on Infrared Pedestrian Detectors Using Adversarial Infrared Grid1 Jul 2024
- 2024I Don't Know You, But I Can Catch You: Real-Time Defense against Diverse Adversarial Patches for Object Detectors12 Jun 2024
- 2024Self-supervised Adversarial Training of Monocular Depth Estimation against Physical-World Attacks9 Jun 2024
- 2024PuFace: Defending against Facial Cloaking Attacks for Facial Recognition Models4 Jun 2024
- 2024PAD: Patch-Agnostic Defense against Adversarial Patch Attacks25 Apr 2024
- 2024Steal Now and Attack Later: Evaluating Robustness of Object Detection against Black-box Adversarial Attacks24 Apr 2024
- 2024Towards Robust Domain Generation Algorithm Classification9 Apr 2024
- 2024Flexible Physical Camouflage Generation Based on a Differential Approach21 Feb 2024
- 2024Redesigning Traffic Signs to Mitigate Machine-Learning Patch Attacks7 Feb 2024
- 2023MVPatch: More Vivid Patch for Adversarial Camouflaged Attacks on Object Detectors in the Physical World29 Dec 2023
- 2023DOEPatch: Dynamically Optimized Ensemble Model for Adversarial Patches Generation28 Dec 2023
- 2023Adversarial Infrared Curves: An Attack on Infrared Pedestrian Detectors in the Physical World21 Dec 2023
50 newest of 155 All 155 (JSON)
- 2023Black Box Adversarial Prompting for Foundation Modelscited by 62
- 2023Beyond Boundaries: A Comprehensive Survey of Transferable Attacks on AI Systemscited by 6
- 2022Hiding Behind Backdoors: Self-Obfuscation Against Generative Modelscited by 2
- 2024Generalizable Targeted Data Poisoning against Varying Physical Objectscited by 1
- 2024Generalizable Targeted Data Poisoning against Varying Physical Objects5 Dec 2024
- 2023Beyond Boundaries: A Comprehensive Survey of Transferable Attacks on AI Systems20 Nov 2023
- 2023Black Box Adversarial Prompting for Foundation Models8 Feb 2023
- 2022Hiding Behind Backdoors: Self-Obfuscation Against Generative Models24 Jan 2022
- 2021Advances in adversarial attacks and defenses in computer vision: A surveycited by 127
- 2022Adversarial Texture for Fooling Person Detectors in the Physical Worldcited by 96
- 2021LowKey: Leveraging Adversarial Attacks to Protect Social Media Users from Facial Recognitioncited by 92
- 2021Adversarial Sticker: A Stealthy Attack Method in the Physical Worldcited by 92
- 2021Improving Transferability of Adversarial Patches on Face Recognition with Generative Modelscited by 80
- 2021FCA: Learning a 3D Full-coverage Vehicle Camouflage for Multi-view Physical Adversarial Attackcited by 74
- 2021Segment and Complete: Defending Object Detectors against Adversarial Patch Attacks with Robust Patch Detectioncited by 67
- 2022Physical Adversarial Attack meets Computer Vision: A Decade Surveycited by 66
- 2022T-SEA: Transfer-based Self-Ensemble Attack on Object Detectioncited by 59
- 2021Evaluating the Robustness of Semantic Segmentation for Autonomous Driving against Real-World Adversarial Patch Attackscited by 55
- 2021Exploring Adversarial Robustness of Multi-Sensor Perception Systems in Self Drivingcited by 45
- 2021Certified Patch Robustness via Smoothed Vision Transformerscited by 44
12 most cited of 147 All 147 (JSON)
- 2026Can Attack Difficulty Be Characterized Before Optimization? A Study of Pre-optimization Difficulty in Person-Vanishing Attacks28 Sep 2026
- 2026Printability-Constrained Adversarial Decals for Near-Nadir Aerial Perception: Measured Ink Gamuts, Nested Realism Constraints, and a Physical-World Bound27 Sep 2026
- 2026Stealthy in Semantics, Antagonistic in Space: Attacking Visible-Infrared Object Detectors via Object-Level Misalignment16 Sep 2026
- 2026Physical Adversarial Examples for Person Detectors in Thermal Images Based on 3D Modeling31 Aug 2026
- 2026ALLUDE: A Unified Evaluation System for Configurable Attacks in Differentiable Environments19 Jul 2026
- 2026Physical Adversarial Clothing Evades Visible-Thermal Detectors via Non-Overlapping RGB-T Pattern6 May 2026
- 2026Defending against Patch-Based and Texture-Based Adversarial Attacks with Spectral Decomposition12 Apr 2026
- 2026Physical Adversarial Attacks on AI Surveillance Systems:Detection, Tracking, and Visible--Infrared Evasion8 Apr 2026
- 2026Thermal Topology Collapse: Universal Physical Patch Attacks on Infrared Vision Systems23 Mar 2026
- 2026Higher-Order Adversarial Patches for Real-Time Object Detectors8 Jan 2026
- 2025Robust Physical Adversarial Patches Using Dynamically Optimized Clusters23 Nov 2025
- 2025Thermally Activated Dual-Modal Adversarial Clothing against AI Surveillance Systems13 Nov 2025
12 newest of 147 All 147 (JSON)