Unsupervised Scale-consistent Depth and Ego-motion Learning from Monocular Video
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Abstract (arXiv)
Recent work has shown that CNN-based depth and ego-motion estimators can be learned using unlabelled monocular videos. However, the performance is limited by unidentified moving objects that violate the underlying static scene assumption in geometric image reconstruction. More significantly, due to lack of proper constraints, networks output scale-inconsistent results over different samples, i.e., the ego-motion network cannot provide full camera trajectories over a long video sequence because of the per-frame scale ambiguity. This paper tackles these challenges by proposing a geometry consistency loss for scale-consistent predictions and an induced self-discovered mask for handling moving objects and occlusions. Since we do not leverage multi-task learning like recent works, our framework is much simpler and more efficient. Comprehensive evaluation results demonstrate that our depth estimator achieves the state-of-the-art performance on the KITTI dataset. Moreover, we show that our ego-motion network is able to predict a globally scale-consistent camera trajectory for long video sequences, and the resulting visual odometry accuracy is competitive with the recent model that is trained using stereo videos. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to show that deep networks trained using unlabelled monocular videos can predict globally scale-consistent camera trajectories over a long video sequence.
Key facts. Cited by 244 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 28 Aug 2019.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 53; 2022: 51; 2023: 40; 2024: 50; 2025: 36; 2026: 14.
244 papers.
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- 2023SurroundOcc: Multi-Camera 3D Occupancy Prediction for Autonomous Drivingcited by 310
- 2021The Temporal Opportunist: Self-Supervised Multi-Frame Monocular Depthcited by 190
- 2021Transformer-Based Attention Networks for Continuous Pixel-Wise Predictioncited by 125
- 2022SurroundDepth: Entangling Surrounding Views for Self-Supervised Multi-Camera Depth Estimationcited by 76
- 2021Self-Supervised Monocular Depth and Ego-Motion Estimation in Endoscopy: Appearance Flow to the Rescuecited by 70
- 2021Unsupervised Scale-consistent Depth Learning from Videocited by 69
- 2021Learning Monocular Depth in Dynamic Scenes via Instance-Aware Projection Consistencycited by 58
- 2021Regularizing Nighttime Weirdness: Efficient Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimation in the Darkcited by 57
- 2021Fine-grained Semantics-aware Representation Enhancement for Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 55
- 2024Surgical-DINO: Adapter Learning of Foundation Models for Depth Estimation in Endoscopic Surgerycited by 52
- 2022Hierarchical Normalization for Robust Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 51
- 2021Virtual Normal: Enforcing Geometric Constraints for Accurate and Robust Depth Predictioncited by 48
38 more
- 2022Towards Accurate Reconstruction of 3D Scene Shape from A Single Monocular Imagecited by 42
- 2024EndoDAC: Efficient Adapting Foundation Model for Self-Supervised Depth Estimation from Any Endoscopic Cameracited by 42
- 2021Full Surround Monodepth from Multiple Camerascited by 41
- 2024SelfSplat: Pose-Free and 3D Prior-Free Generalizable 3D Gaussian Splattingcited by 40
- 2021Sparse Auxiliary Networks for Unified Monocular Depth Prediction and Completioncited by 39
- 2023OccNeRF: Advancing 3D Occupancy Prediction in LiDAR-Free Environmentscited by 39
- 2021MonoIndoor: Towards Good Practice of Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation for Indoor Environmentscited by 38
- 2022RA-Depth: Resolution Adaptive Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 36
- 2021Single Image Depth Prediction with Wavelet Decompositioncited by 34
- 2024Diffusion Models for Monocular Depth Estimation: Overcoming Challenging Conditionscited by 29
- 2021Unsupervised Monocular Depth Estimation in Highly Complex Environmentscited by 28
- 2024Driv3R: Learning Dense 4D Reconstruction for Autonomous Drivingcited by 28
- 2021Attention meets Geometry: Geometry Guided Spatial-Temporal Attention for Consistent Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 27
- 2022DesNet: Decomposed Scale-Consistent Network for Unsupervised Depth Completioncited by 27
- 2024NARUTO: Neural Active Reconstruction from Uncertain Target Observationscited by 27
- 2022Gradient-based Uncertainty for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 26
- 2021Attentive and Contrastive Learning for Joint Depth and Motion Field Estimationcited by 24
- 2022Multi-Modal Masked Pre-Training for Monocular Panoramic Depth Completioncited by 23
- 2021DF-VO: What Should Be Learnt for Visual Odometry?cited by 22
- 2022DevNet: Self-supervised Monocular Depth Learning via Density Volume Constructioncited by 22
- 2023RM-Depth: Unsupervised Learning of Recurrent Monocular Depth in Dynamic Scenescited by 22
- 2023Kick Back & Relax: Learning to Reconstruct the World by Watching SlowTVcited by 21
- 2023SQLdepth: Generalizable Self-Supervised Fine-Structured Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 21
- 2022Towards Scale-Aware, Robust, and Generalizable Unsupervised Monocular Depth Estimation by Integrating IMU Motion Dynamicscited by 20
- 2023Deep Learning for Camera Calibration and Beyond: A Surveycited by 20
- 2023Dynamo-Depth: Fixing Unsupervised Depth Estimation for Dynamical Scenescited by 20
- 2024RadarCam-Depth: Radar-Camera Fusion for Depth Estimation with Learned Metric Scalecited by 20
- 2024RSA: Resolving Scale Ambiguities in Monocular Depth Estimators through Language Descriptionscited by 20
- 2021Instance and Panoptic Segmentation Using Conditional Convolutionscited by 19
- 2021Learning Depth via Leveraging Semantics: Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimation with Both Implicit and Explicit Semantic Guidancecited by 19
- 2021Generalizing to the Open World: Deep Visual Odometry with Online Adaptationcited by 19
- 2022Transformers in Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation with Unknown Camera Intrinsicscited by 19
- 2022Self-Supervised Depth Estimation in Laparoscopic Image using 3D Geometric Consistencycited by 19
- 2025ActiveGAMER: Active GAussian Mapping through Efficient Renderingcited by 19
- 2022Deconstructing Self-Supervised Monocular Reconstruction: The Design Decisions that Mattercited by 18
- 2023MACARONS: Mapping And Coverage Anticipation with RGB Online Self-Supervisioncited by 18
- 2023SimCol3D -- 3D Reconstruction during Colonoscopy Challengecited by 18
- 2024Epipolar-Free 3D Gaussian Splatting for Generalizable Novel View Synthesiscited by 18
50 most cited of 244 All 244 (JSON)
- 2026Object Concepts Emerge from Motion3 Sep 2026
- 2026Boosting Robustness for All-Weather Self-Supervised Depth Estimation in Autonomous Driving23 Jul 2026
- 2026ZipDepth: Bringing Lightweight Zero-Shot Monocular Depth Anywhere, on Any Device9 Jul 2026
- 2026SA4Depth: Consistent Pose-Depth Scale Alignment for Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation27 May 2026
- 2026Improved monocular depth prediction using distance transform over pre-semantic contours with self-supervised neural networks8 May 2026
- 2026Rebalancing gradient to improve self-supervised co-training of depth, odometry and optical flow predictions8 May 2026
- 2026SS3D: End2End Self-Supervised 3D from Web Videos24 Apr 2026
- 2026ReefMapGS: Enabling Large-Scale Underwater Reconstruction by Closing the Loop Between Multimodal SLAM and Gaussian Splatting13 Apr 2026
- 2026Self-Improving 4D Perception via Self-Distillation9 Apr 2026
- 2026POS-ISP: Pipeline Optimization at the Sequence Level for Task-aware ISP8 Apr 2026
- 2026From None to All: Self-Supervised 3D Reconstruction via Novel View Synthesis29 Mar 2026
- 2026Learning Proposes, Geometry Disposes: A Modular Framework for Efficient Spatial Reasoning16 Feb 2026
38 more
- 2026Scalable Adaptation of 3D Geometric Foundation Models via Weak Supervision from Internet Video8 Feb 2026
- 2026SHED Light on Segmentation for Dense Prediction30 Jan 2026
- 2025Bridging the Ex-Vivo to In-Vivo Gap: Synthetic Priors for Monocular Depth Estimation in Specular Surgical Environments29 Dec 2025
- 2025Joint Learning of Depth, Pose, and Local Radiance Field for Large Scale Monocular 3D Reconstruction20 Dec 2025
- 2025The 3D Mirage: Probing and Taming 3D Hallucinations17 Dec 2025
- 2025DASP: Self-supervised Nighttime Monocular Depth Estimation with Domain Adaptation of Spatiotemporal Priors16 Dec 2025
- 2025BoRe-Depth: Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimation with Boundary Refinement for Embedded Systems6 Nov 2025
- 2025EndoSfM3D: Learning to 3D Reconstruct Any Endoscopic Surgery Scene using Self-supervised Foundation Model25 Oct 2025
- 2025Self-Supervised Learning to Fly using Efficient Semantic Segmentation and Metric Depth Estimation for Low-Cost Autonomous UAVs18 Oct 2025
- 2025Monocular Visual Odometry without Calibration or Test-time Optimization2 Oct 2025
- 2025FastViDAR: Real-Time Omnidirectional Depth Estimation via Alternative Hierarchical Attention28 Sep 2025
- 2025EndoUFM: Utilizing Foundation Models for Monocular depth estimation of endoscopic images25 Aug 2025
- 2025Reconstructing 4D Spatial Intelligence: A Survey28 Jul 2025
- 2025Endoscopic Depth Estimation Based on Deep Learning: A Survey28 Jul 2025
- 2025Depth Anything at Any Condition2 Jul 2025
- 2025StereoDiff: Stereo-Diffusion Synergy for Video Depth Estimation25 Jun 2025
- 2025Pixel-Optimization-Free Patch Attack on Stereo Depth Estimation21 Jun 2025
- 2025Self-Supervised Enhancement for Depth from a Lightweight ToF Sensor with Monocular Images16 Jun 2025
- 2025SuperPoint-SLAM3: Augmenting ORB-SLAM3 with Deep Features, Adaptive NMS, and Learning-Based Loop Closure16 Jun 2025
- 2025ZeroVO: Visual Odometry with Minimal Assumptions9 Jun 2025
- 2025UNO: Unified Self-Supervised Monocular Odometry for Platform-Agnostic Deployment8 Jun 2025
- 2025Toward Better SSIM Loss for Unsupervised Monocular Depth Estimation5 Jun 2025
- 2025Object Concepts Emerge from Motion27 May 2025
- 2025DSOcc: Leveraging Depth Awareness and Semantic Aid to Boost Camera-Based 3D Semantic Occupancy Prediction27 May 2025
- 2025Always Clear Depth: Robust Monocular Depth Estimation under Adverse Weather18 May 2025
- 2025Large-Scale Gaussian Splatting SLAM15 May 2025
- 2025PosePilot: Steering Camera Pose for Generative World Models with Self-supervised Depth3 May 2025
- 2025Self-Supervised Monocular Visual Drone Model Identification through Improved Occlusion Handling30 Apr 2025
- 2025The Fourth Monocular Depth Estimation Challenge24 Apr 2025
- 2025Radar-Guided Polynomial Fitting for Metric Depth Estimation21 Mar 2025
- 2025Learning to Efficiently Adapt Foundation Models for Self-Supervised Endoscopic 3D Scene Reconstruction from Any Cameras20 Mar 2025
- 2025Endo-FASt3r: Endoscopic Foundation model Adaptation for Structure from motion10 Mar 2025
- 2025Monocular visual simultaneous localization and mapping: (r)evolution from geometry to deep learning-based pipelines4 Mar 2025
- 2025SLAM in the Dark: Self-Supervised Learning of Pose, Depth and Loop-Closure from Thermal Images26 Feb 2025
- 2025Mean of Means: Human Localization with Calibration-free and Unconstrained Camera Settings (extended version)18 Feb 2025
- 2025SHADeS: Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimation Through Non-Lambertian Image Decomposition18 Feb 2025
- 2025Revisiting Gradient-based Uncertainty for Monocular Depth Estimation9 Feb 2025
- 2025ActiveGAMER: Active GAussian Mapping through Efficient Rendering12 Jan 2025
50 newest of 244 All 244 (JSON)
- 2024Diffusion Models for Monocular Depth Estimation: Overcoming Challenging Conditionscited by 29
- 2023MonoDiffusion: Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation Using Diffusion Modelcited by 12
- 2025StereoDiff: Stereo-Diffusion Synergy for Video Depth Estimationcited by 6
- 2025Always Clear Depth: Robust Monocular Depth Estimation under Adverse Weathercited by 4
- 2024Unsupervised Monocular Depth Estimation Based on Hierarchical Feature-Guided Diffusioncited by 1
- 2025StereoDiff: Stereo-Diffusion Synergy for Video Depth Estimation25 Jun 2025
- 2025Always Clear Depth: Robust Monocular Depth Estimation under Adverse Weather18 May 2025
- 2024Diffusion Models for Monocular Depth Estimation: Overcoming Challenging Conditions23 Jul 2024
- 2024Unsupervised Monocular Depth Estimation Based on Hierarchical Feature-Guided Diffusion14 Jun 2024
- 2023MonoDiffusion: Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation Using Diffusion Model13 Nov 2023
- 2023SurroundOcc: Multi-Camera 3D Occupancy Prediction for Autonomous Drivingcited by 310
- 2021The Temporal Opportunist: Self-Supervised Multi-Frame Monocular Depthcited by 190
- 2021Transformer-Based Attention Networks for Continuous Pixel-Wise Predictioncited by 125
- 2022SurroundDepth: Entangling Surrounding Views for Self-Supervised Multi-Camera Depth Estimationcited by 76
- 2021Self-Supervised Monocular Depth and Ego-Motion Estimation in Endoscopy: Appearance Flow to the Rescuecited by 70
- 2021Unsupervised Scale-consistent Depth Learning from Videocited by 69
- 2021Learning Monocular Depth in Dynamic Scenes via Instance-Aware Projection Consistencycited by 58
- 2021Regularizing Nighttime Weirdness: Efficient Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimation in the Darkcited by 57
- 2021Fine-grained Semantics-aware Representation Enhancement for Self-supervised Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 55
- 2024Surgical-DINO: Adapter Learning of Foundation Models for Depth Estimation in Endoscopic Surgerycited by 52
- 2022Hierarchical Normalization for Robust Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 51
- 2021Virtual Normal: Enforcing Geometric Constraints for Accurate and Robust Depth Predictioncited by 48
12 most cited of 235 All 235 (JSON)
- 2026Object Concepts Emerge from Motion3 Sep 2026
- 2026Boosting Robustness for All-Weather Self-Supervised Depth Estimation in Autonomous Driving23 Jul 2026
- 2026ZipDepth: Bringing Lightweight Zero-Shot Monocular Depth Anywhere, on Any Device9 Jul 2026
- 2026SA4Depth: Consistent Pose-Depth Scale Alignment for Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation27 May 2026
- 2026Improved monocular depth prediction using distance transform over pre-semantic contours with self-supervised neural networks8 May 2026
- 2026Rebalancing gradient to improve self-supervised co-training of depth, odometry and optical flow predictions8 May 2026
- 2026SS3D: End2End Self-Supervised 3D from Web Videos24 Apr 2026
- 2026ReefMapGS: Enabling Large-Scale Underwater Reconstruction by Closing the Loop Between Multimodal SLAM and Gaussian Splatting13 Apr 2026
- 2026Self-Improving 4D Perception via Self-Distillation9 Apr 2026
- 2026POS-ISP: Pipeline Optimization at the Sequence Level for Task-aware ISP8 Apr 2026
- 2026From None to All: Self-Supervised 3D Reconstruction via Novel View Synthesis29 Mar 2026
- 2026Scalable Adaptation of 3D Geometric Foundation Models via Weak Supervision from Internet Video8 Feb 2026
12 newest of 235 All 235 (JSON)