Hierarchical Normalization for Robust Monocular Depth Estimation
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Cited by 25 in Diffusion models, but placed by its own abstract, which didn’t fit.
Abstract (arXiv)
In this paper, we address monocular depth estimation with deep neural networks. To enable training of deep monocular estimation models with various sources of datasets, state-of-the-art methods adopt image-level normalization strategies to generate affine-invariant depth representations. However, learning with image-level normalization mainly emphasizes the relations of pixel representations with the global statistic in the images, such as the structure of the scene, while the fine-grained depth difference may be overlooked. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-scale depth normalization method that hierarchically normalizes the depth representations based on spatial information and depth distributions. Compared with previous normalization strategies applied only at the holistic image level, the proposed hierarchical normalization can effectively preserve the fine-grained details and improve accuracy. We present two strategies that define the hierarchical normalization contexts in the depth domain and the spatial domain, respectively. Our extensive experiments show that the proposed normalization strategy remarkably outperforms previous normalization methods, and we set new state-of-the-art on five zero-shot transfer benchmark datasets.
Key facts. Cited by 51 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 35 of its 49 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Oct 2022.
Builds on
35 of 49 references.
References · 35
- 2015Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shiftcited by 6,979
- 2017ScanNet: Richly-annotated 3D Reconstructions of Indoor Scenescited by 3,088
- 2016Pyramid Scene Parsing Networkcited by 2,472
- 2020RAFT: Recurrent All-Pairs Field Transforms for Optical Flowcited by 2,385
- 2017Arbitrary Style Transfer in Real-time with Adaptive Instance Normalizationcited by 1,998
- 2021Vision Transformers for Dense Predictioncited by 1,789
- 2019Towards Robust Monocular Depth Estimation: Mixing Datasets for Zero-shot Cross-dataset Transfercited by 1,484
- 2019Semantic Image Synthesis with Spatially-Adaptive Normalizationcited by 1,295
- 2014Depth Map Prediction from a Single Image using a Multi-Scale Deep Networkcited by 1,264
- 2016Instance Normalization: The Missing Ingredient for Fast Stylizationcited by 1,187
- 2017Unsupervised Learning of Depth and Ego-Motion from Videocited by 778
- 2018MegaDepth: Learning Single-View Depth Prediction from Internet Photoscited by 731
23 more
- 2018Taskonomy: Disentangling Task Transfer Learningcited by 631
- 2019From Big to Small: Multi-Scale Local Planar Guidance for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 379
- 2016Virtual Worlds as Proxy for Multi-Object Tracking Analysiscited by 340
- 2019Unsupervised Scale-consistent Depth and Ego-motion Learning from Monocular Videocited by 244
- 2019GA-Net: Guided Aggregation Net for End-to-end Stereo Matchingcited by 242
- 2019DIODE: A Dense Indoor and Outdoor DEpth Datasetcited by 236
- 2019Enforcing geometric constraints of virtual normal for depth predictioncited by 233
- 2019CANet: Class-Agnostic Segmentation Networks with Iterative Refinement and Attentive Few-Shot Learningcited by 217
- 2020Learning to Recover 3D Scene Shape from a Single Imagecited by 214
- 2016Single-Image Depth Perception in the Wildcited by 179
- 2020Feature-metric Loss for Self-supervised Learning of Depth and Egomotioncited by 140
- 2018Evaluation of CNN-based Single-Image Depth Estimation Methodscited by 137
- 2020Robust Learning Through Cross-Task Consistencycited by 105
- 2019Web Stereo Video Supervision for Depth Prediction from Dynamic Scenescited by 73
- 2020OASIS: A Large-Scale Dataset for Single Image 3D in the Wildcited by 62
- 2020DeepEMD: Differentiable Earth Mover's Distance for Few-Shot Learningcited by 49
- 2021Virtual Normal: Enforcing Geometric Constraints for Accurate and Robust Depth Predictioncited by 48
- 2022Towards Accurate Reconstruction of 3D Scene Shape from A Single Monocular Imagecited by 42
- 2018Deep attention-based classification network for robust depth predictioncited by 36
- 2020Holopix50k: A Large-Scale In-the-wild Stereo Image Datasetcited by 36
- 2018Learning Single-Image Depth from Videos using Quality Assessment Networkscited by 25
- 2021CycleSegNet: Object Co-segmentation with Cycle Refinement and Region Correspondencecited by 19
- 2022CRCNet: Few-shot Segmentation with Cross-Reference and Region-Global Conditional Networkscited by 7
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 6; 2024: 20; 2025: 16; 2026: 9.
51 papers.
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- 2024Metric3Dv2: A Versatile Monocular Geometric Foundation Model for Zero-shot Metric Depth and Surface Normal Estimationcited by 389
- 2023Metric3D: Towards Zero-shot Metric 3D Prediction from A Single Imagecited by 357
- 2023Repurposing Diffusion-Based Image Generators for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 323
- 2024GeoWizard: Unleashing the Diffusion Priors for 3D Geometry Estimation from a Single Imagecited by 283
- 2024DNGaussian: Optimizing Sparse-View 3D Gaussian Radiance Fields with Global-Local Depth Normalizationcited by 256
- 2024Lotus: Diffusion-based Visual Foundation Model for High-quality Dense Predictioncited by 163
- 2024Learning Temporally Consistent Video Depth from Video Diffusion Priorscited by 100
- 2024Fine-Tuning Image-Conditional Diffusion Models is Easier than You Thinkcited by 82
- 2025Marigold: Affordable Adaptation of Diffusion-Based Image Generators for Image Analysiscited by 78
- 2024DepthFM: Fast Monocular Depth Estimation with Flow Matchingcited by 76
- 2024What Matters When Repurposing Diffusion Models for General Dense Perception Tasks?cited by 74
- 2024Depth Any Video with Scalable Synthetic Datacited by 57
38 more
- 2023RoboDepth: Robust Out-of-Distribution Depth Estimation under Corruptionscited by 47
- 2025Pixel-Perfect Depth with Semantics-Prompted Diffusion Transformerscited by 47
- 2024One Diffusion to Generate Them Allcited by 41
- 2025LBM: Latent Bridge Matching for Fast Image-to-Image Translationcited by 36
- 2024BetterDepth: Plug-and-Play Diffusion Refiner for Zero-Shot Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 28
- 2024DepthLab: From Partial to Completecited by 27
- 2024Flowing from Words to Pixels: A Noise-Free Framework for Cross-Modality Evolutioncited by 26
- 2023StyleAvatar3D: Leveraging Image-Text Diffusion Models for High-Fidelity 3D Avatar Generationcited by 25
- 2023DaRF: Boosting Radiance Fields from Sparse Inputs with Monocular Depth Adaptationcited by 25
- 2024RSA: Resolving Scale Ambiguities in Monocular Depth Estimators through Language Descriptionscited by 20
- 2025DepthMaster: Taming Diffusion Models for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 18
- 2025Distill Any Depth: Distillation Creates a Stronger Monocular Depth Estimatorcited by 15
- 2024PrimeDepth: Efficient Monocular Depth Estimation with a Stable Diffusion Preimagecited by 11
- 2024Buffer Anytime: Zero-Shot Video Depth and Normal from Image Priorscited by 11
- 2024The Third Monocular Depth Estimation Challengecited by 10
- 2025The Fourth Monocular Depth Estimation Challengecited by 8
- 2024Boost 3D Reconstruction using Diffusion-based Monocular Camera Calibrationcited by 7
- 2025QuartDepth: Post-Training Quantization for Real-Time Depth Estimation on the Edgecited by 7
- 2023Robust Geometry-Preserving Depth Estimation Using Differentiable Renderingcited by 6
- 2024DPBridge: Latent Diffusion Bridge for Dense Predictioncited by 6
- 2025StereoDiff: Stereo-Diffusion Synergy for Video Depth Estimationcited by 6
- 2024FiffDepth: Feed-forward Transformation of Diffusion-Based Generators for Detailed Depth Estimationcited by 5
- 2025Aligning Generative Denoising with Discriminative Objectives Unleashes Diffusion for Visual Perceptioncited by 4
- 2025More Than Generation: Unifying Generation and Depth Estimation via Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 2
- 2025Visual Autoregressive Modelling for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 2
- 2026Guardians of the Hair: Rescuing Soft Boundaries in Depth, Stereo, and Novel Viewscited by 2
- 2026Pixel-Perfect Visual Geometry Estimationcited by 2
- 2026NanoSD: Edge Efficient Foundation Model for Real Time Image Restorationcited by 2
- 2025RS3DBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for 3D Spatial Perception in Remote Sensingcited by 1
- 2025StarryGazer: Leveraging Monocular Depth Estimation Models for Domain-Agnostic Single Depth Image Completioncited by 1
- 2026Iris: Bringing Real-World Priors into Diffusion Model for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 1
- 2026The Midas Touch for Metric Depthcited by 1
- 2026Efficient and High-Quality Depth Estimation via Pixel-Space Diffusion with Linear Attentioncited by 1
- 2025Learning A Zero-shot Occupancy Network from Vision Foundation Models via Self-supervised Adaptationcited by 0
- 2025VGLD: Visually-Guided Linguistic Disambiguation for Monocular Depth Scale Recoverycited by 0
- 2025D3-Predictor: Noise-Free Deterministic Diffusion for Dense Predictioncited by 0
- 2026Monocular Depth Estimation via Neural Network with Learnable Algebraic Group and Ring Structurescited by 0
- 2026Last-Layer-Centric Feature Recombination: Unleashing 3D Geometric Knowledge in DINOv3 for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 0
50 most cited of 51 All 51 (JSON)
- 2026Efficient and High-Quality Depth Estimation via Pixel-Space Diffusion with Linear Attention31 Aug 2026
- 2026ARDepth: Auto-regressive Monocular Depth Estimation with Progressive Visual Conditioning14 Jul 2026
- 2026The Midas Touch for Metric Depth12 May 2026
- 2026Last-Layer-Centric Feature Recombination: Unleashing 3D Geometric Knowledge in DINOv3 for Monocular Depth Estimation29 Apr 2026
- 2026Monocular Depth Estimation via Neural Network with Learnable Algebraic Group and Ring Structures27 Apr 2026
- 2026Iris: Bringing Real-World Priors into Diffusion Model for Monocular Depth Estimation17 Mar 2026
- 2026NanoSD: Edge Efficient Foundation Model for Real Time Image Restoration14 Jan 2026
- 2026Pixel-Perfect Visual Geometry Estimation8 Jan 2026
- 2026Guardians of the Hair: Rescuing Soft Boundaries in Depth, Stereo, and Novel Views6 Jan 2026
- 2025Visual Autoregressive Modelling for Monocular Depth Estimation27 Dec 2025
- 2025StarryGazer: Leveraging Monocular Depth Estimation Models for Domain-Agnostic Single Depth Image Completion15 Dec 2025
- 2025D3-Predictor: Noise-Free Deterministic Diffusion for Dense Prediction8 Dec 2025
38 more
- 2025More Than Generation: Unifying Generation and Depth Estimation via Text-to-Image Diffusion Models27 Oct 2025
- 2025Pixel-Perfect Depth with Semantics-Prompted Diffusion Transformers8 Oct 2025
- 2025RS3DBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for 3D Spatial Perception in Remote Sensing23 Sep 2025
- 2025StereoDiff: Stereo-Diffusion Synergy for Video Depth Estimation25 Jun 2025
- 2025Marigold: Affordable Adaptation of Diffusion-Based Image Generators for Image Analysis14 May 2025
- 2025VGLD: Visually-Guided Linguistic Disambiguation for Monocular Depth Scale Recovery5 May 2025
- 2025The Fourth Monocular Depth Estimation Challenge24 Apr 2025
- 2025Aligning Generative Denoising with Discriminative Objectives Unleashes Diffusion for Visual Perception15 Apr 2025
- 2025QuartDepth: Post-Training Quantization for Real-Time Depth Estimation on the Edge20 Mar 2025
- 2025LBM: Latent Bridge Matching for Fast Image-to-Image Translation10 Mar 2025
- 2025Learning A Zero-shot Occupancy Network from Vision Foundation Models via Self-supervised Adaptation10 Mar 2025
- 2025Distill Any Depth: Distillation Creates a Stronger Monocular Depth Estimator26 Feb 2025
- 2025DepthMaster: Taming Diffusion Models for Monocular Depth Estimation5 Jan 2025
- 2024DPBridge: Latent Diffusion Bridge for Dense Prediction29 Dec 2024
- 2024DepthLab: From Partial to Complete24 Dec 2024
- 2024Flowing from Words to Pixels: A Noise-Free Framework for Cross-Modality Evolution19 Dec 2024
- 2024FiffDepth: Feed-forward Transformation of Diffusion-Based Generators for Detailed Depth Estimation1 Dec 2024
- 2024Buffer Anytime: Zero-Shot Video Depth and Normal from Image Priors26 Nov 2024
- 2024Boost 3D Reconstruction using Diffusion-based Monocular Camera Calibration26 Nov 2024
- 2024One Diffusion to Generate Them All25 Nov 2024
- 2024Depth Any Video with Scalable Synthetic Data14 Oct 2024
- 2024RSA: Resolving Scale Ambiguities in Monocular Depth Estimators through Language Descriptions3 Oct 2024
- 2024Lotus: Diffusion-based Visual Foundation Model for High-quality Dense Prediction26 Sep 2024
- 2024Fine-Tuning Image-Conditional Diffusion Models is Easier than You Think17 Sep 2024
- 2024PrimeDepth: Efficient Monocular Depth Estimation with a Stable Diffusion Preimage13 Sep 2024
- 2024BetterDepth: Plug-and-Play Diffusion Refiner for Zero-Shot Monocular Depth Estimation25 Jul 2024
- 2024Learning Temporally Consistent Video Depth from Video Diffusion Priors3 Jun 2024
- 2024The Third Monocular Depth Estimation Challenge25 Apr 2024
- 2024Metric3Dv2: A Versatile Monocular Geometric Foundation Model for Zero-shot Metric Depth and Surface Normal Estimation22 Mar 2024
- 2024DepthFM: Fast Monocular Depth Estimation with Flow Matching20 Mar 2024
- 2024GeoWizard: Unleashing the Diffusion Priors for 3D Geometry Estimation from a Single Image18 Mar 2024
- 2024DNGaussian: Optimizing Sparse-View 3D Gaussian Radiance Fields with Global-Local Depth Normalization11 Mar 2024
- 2024What Matters When Repurposing Diffusion Models for General Dense Perception Tasks?10 Mar 2024
- 2023Repurposing Diffusion-Based Image Generators for Monocular Depth Estimation4 Dec 2023
- 2023RoboDepth: Robust Out-of-Distribution Depth Estimation under Corruptions23 Oct 2023
- 2023Robust Geometry-Preserving Depth Estimation Using Differentiable Rendering18 Sep 2023
- 2023Metric3D: Towards Zero-shot Metric 3D Prediction from A Single Image20 Jul 2023
- 2023DaRF: Boosting Radiance Fields from Sparse Inputs with Monocular Depth Adaptation30 May 2023
50 newest of 51 All 51 (JSON)
- 2023Repurposing Diffusion-Based Image Generators for Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 323
- 2024GeoWizard: Unleashing the Diffusion Priors for 3D Geometry Estimation from a Single Imagecited by 283
- 2024Lotus: Diffusion-based Visual Foundation Model for High-quality Dense Predictioncited by 163
- 2024Learning Temporally Consistent Video Depth from Video Diffusion Priorscited by 100
- 2024Fine-Tuning Image-Conditional Diffusion Models is Easier than You Thinkcited by 82
- 2025Marigold: Affordable Adaptation of Diffusion-Based Image Generators for Image Analysiscited by 78
- 2024DepthFM: Fast Monocular Depth Estimation with Flow Matchingcited by 76
- 2024What Matters When Repurposing Diffusion Models for General Dense Perception Tasks?cited by 74
- 2024Depth Any Video with Scalable Synthetic Datacited by 57
- 2025Pixel-Perfect Depth with Semantics-Prompted Diffusion Transformerscited by 47
- 2024One Diffusion to Generate Them Allcited by 41
- 2024Flowing from Words to Pixels: A Noise-Free Framework for Cross-Modality Evolutioncited by 26
12 most cited of 25 All 25 (JSON)
- 2026ARDepth: Auto-regressive Monocular Depth Estimation with Progressive Visual Conditioning14 Jul 2026
- 2026Iris: Bringing Real-World Priors into Diffusion Model for Monocular Depth Estimation17 Mar 2026
- 2026NanoSD: Edge Efficient Foundation Model for Real Time Image Restoration14 Jan 2026
- 2025D3-Predictor: Noise-Free Deterministic Diffusion for Dense Prediction8 Dec 2025
- 2025More Than Generation: Unifying Generation and Depth Estimation via Text-to-Image Diffusion Models27 Oct 2025
- 2025Pixel-Perfect Depth with Semantics-Prompted Diffusion Transformers8 Oct 2025
- 2025StereoDiff: Stereo-Diffusion Synergy for Video Depth Estimation25 Jun 2025
- 2025Marigold: Affordable Adaptation of Diffusion-Based Image Generators for Image Analysis14 May 2025
- 2025Aligning Generative Denoising with Discriminative Objectives Unleashes Diffusion for Visual Perception15 Apr 2025
- 2025DepthMaster: Taming Diffusion Models for Monocular Depth Estimation5 Jan 2025
- 2024DPBridge: Latent Diffusion Bridge for Dense Prediction29 Dec 2024
- 2024Flowing from Words to Pixels: A Noise-Free Framework for Cross-Modality Evolution19 Dec 2024
12 newest of 25 All 25 (JSON)
- 2024Metric3Dv2: A Versatile Monocular Geometric Foundation Model for Zero-shot Metric Depth and Surface Normal Estimationcited by 389
- 2023Metric3D: Towards Zero-shot Metric 3D Prediction from A Single Imagecited by 357
- 2024DNGaussian: Optimizing Sparse-View 3D Gaussian Radiance Fields with Global-Local Depth Normalizationcited by 256
- 2023RoboDepth: Robust Out-of-Distribution Depth Estimation under Corruptionscited by 47
- 2025LBM: Latent Bridge Matching for Fast Image-to-Image Translationcited by 36
- 2024BetterDepth: Plug-and-Play Diffusion Refiner for Zero-Shot Monocular Depth Estimationcited by 28
- 2024DepthLab: From Partial to Completecited by 27
- 2023DaRF: Boosting Radiance Fields from Sparse Inputs with Monocular Depth Adaptationcited by 25
- 2024RSA: Resolving Scale Ambiguities in Monocular Depth Estimators through Language Descriptionscited by 20
- 2025Distill Any Depth: Distillation Creates a Stronger Monocular Depth Estimatorcited by 15
- 2024Buffer Anytime: Zero-Shot Video Depth and Normal from Image Priorscited by 11
- 2024The Third Monocular Depth Estimation Challengecited by 10
12 most cited of 26 All 26 (JSON)
- 2026Efficient and High-Quality Depth Estimation via Pixel-Space Diffusion with Linear Attention31 Aug 2026
- 2026The Midas Touch for Metric Depth12 May 2026
- 2026Last-Layer-Centric Feature Recombination: Unleashing 3D Geometric Knowledge in DINOv3 for Monocular Depth Estimation29 Apr 2026
- 2026Monocular Depth Estimation via Neural Network with Learnable Algebraic Group and Ring Structures27 Apr 2026
- 2026Pixel-Perfect Visual Geometry Estimation8 Jan 2026
- 2026Guardians of the Hair: Rescuing Soft Boundaries in Depth, Stereo, and Novel Views6 Jan 2026
- 2025Visual Autoregressive Modelling for Monocular Depth Estimation27 Dec 2025
- 2025StarryGazer: Leveraging Monocular Depth Estimation Models for Domain-Agnostic Single Depth Image Completion15 Dec 2025
- 2025RS3DBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for 3D Spatial Perception in Remote Sensing23 Sep 2025
- 2025VGLD: Visually-Guided Linguistic Disambiguation for Monocular Depth Scale Recovery5 May 2025
- 2025The Fourth Monocular Depth Estimation Challenge24 Apr 2025
- 2025QuartDepth: Post-Training Quantization for Real-Time Depth Estimation on the Edge20 Mar 2025
12 newest of 26 All 26 (JSON)