mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Text Readability Assessment for Second Language Learners

arXiv 1906.07580 ↗First posted 18 Jun 2019cs.CLcited by 54

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Abstract (arXiv)

This paper addresses the task of readability assessment for the texts aimed at second language (L2) learners. One of the major challenges in this task is the lack of significantly sized level-annotated data. For the present work, we collected a dataset of CEFR-graded texts tailored for learners of English as an L2 and investigated text readability assessment for both native and L2 learners. We applied a generalization method to adapt models trained on larger native corpora to estimate text readability for learners, and explored domain adaptation and self-learning techniques to make use of the native data to improve system performance on the limited L2 data. In our experiments, the best performing model for readability on learner texts achieves an accuracy of 0.797 and PCC of 0.938.

Key facts. Cited by 54 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 18 Jun 2019.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 11; 2022: 7; 2023: 12; 2024: 8; 2025: 9; 2026: 7.

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  1. 2021Pushing on Text Readability Assessment: A Transformer Meets Handcrafted Linguistic Featurescited by 36
  2. 2021Trends, Limitations and Open Challenges in Automatic Readability Assessment Researchcited by 28
  3. 2022CEFR-Based Sentence Difficulty Annotation and Assessmentcited by 28
  4. 2021BERT Embeddings for Automatic Readability Assessmentcited by 19
  5. 2023ReadMe++: Benchmarking Multilingual Language Models for Multi-Domain Readability Assessmentcited by 19
  6. 2023LFTK: Handcrafted Features in Computational Linguisticscited by 19
  7. 2023Flesch or Fumble? Evaluating Readability Standard Alignment of Instruction-Tuned Language Modelscited by 17
  8. 2023Benchmarking and Explaining Large Language Model-based Code Generation: A Causality-Centric Approachcited by 15
  9. 2024From Tarzan to Tolkien: Controlling the Language Proficiency Level of LLMs for Content Generationcited by 15
  10. 2022A Neural Pairwise Ranking Model for Readability Assessmentcited by 14
  11. 2023Learning to Paraphrase Sentences to Different Complexity Levelscited by 11
  12. 2023Automatic Readability Assessment for Closely Related Languagescited by 9
38 more
  1. 2021Annotation Curricula to Implicitly Train Non-Expert Annotatorscited by 8
  2. 2023Prompt-based Learning for Text Readability Assessmentcited by 8
  3. 2025A Large and Balanced Corpus for Fine-grained Arabic Readability Assessmentcited by 8
  4. 2022A Unified Neural Network Model for Readability Assessment with Feature Projection and Length-Balanced Losscited by 7
  5. 2022Arabic Word-level Readability Visualization for Assisted Text Simplificationcited by 7
  6. 2024Standardize: Aligning Language Models with Expert-Defined Standards for Content Generationcited by 7
  7. 2024An Open Multilingual System for Scoring Readability of Wikipediacited by 7
  8. 2025Linguistic Blind Spots of Large Language Modelscited by 6
  9. 2025Alignment Drift in CEFR-prompted LLMs for Interactive Spanish Tutoringcited by 6
  10. 2025Opportunities and Challenges of LLMs in Education: An NLP Perspectivecited by 6
  11. 2021Predicting Text Readability from Scrolling Interactionscited by 4
  12. 2023Traditional Readability Formulas Compared for Englishcited by 4
  13. 2021Learning Syntactic Dense Embedding with Correlation Graph for Automatic Readability Assessmentcited by 3
  14. 2021Under the Microscope: Interpreting Readability Assessment Models for Filipinocited by 3
  15. 2024Guidelines for Fine-grained Sentence-level Arabic Readability Annotationcited by 3
  16. 2025Applying Text Mining to Analyze Human Question Asking in Creativity Researchcited by 3
  17. 2026Zero-shot Large Language Models for Automatic Readability Assessmentcited by 3
  18. 2021EXPATS: A Toolkit for Explainable Automated Text Scoringcited by 2
  19. 2022A Transfer Learning Based Model for Text Readability Assessment in Germancited by 2
  20. 2023BasahaCorpus: An Expanded Linguistic Resource for Readability Assessment in Central Philippine Languagescited by 2
  21. 2024Strategies for Arabic Readability Modelingcited by 2
  22. 2025Readability Reconsidered: A Cross-Dataset Analysis of Reference-Free Metricscited by 2
  23. 2021A Simple Post-Processing Technique for Improving Readability Assessment of Texts using Word Mover's Distancecited by 1
  24. 2021GrammarTagger: A Multilingual, Minimally-Supervised Grammar Profiler for Language Educationcited by 1
  25. 2021Semi-Supervised Joint Estimation of Word and Document Readabilitycited by 1
  26. 2022Auto-Select Reading Passages in English Assessment Tests?cited by 1
  27. 2022Conciseness: An Overlooked Language Taskcited by 1
  28. 2023Large Language Models for Difficulty Estimation of Foreign Language Content with Application to Language Learningcited by 1
  29. 2024FPT: Feature Prompt Tuning for Few-shot Readability Assessmentcited by 1
  30. 2024Difficulty Estimation and Simplification of French Text Using LLMscited by 1
  31. 2025Eye Tracking Based Cognitive Evaluation of Automatic Readability Assessment Methodscited by 1
  32. 2023Sentence Simplification Using Paraphrase Corpus for Initializationcited by 0
  33. 2023Cross-corpus Readability Compatibility Assessment for English Textscited by 0
  34. 2024A study of Vietnamese readability assessing through semantic and statistical featurescited by 0
  35. 2025mucAI at BAREC Shared Task 2025: Towards Uncertainty Aware Arabic Readability Assessmentcited by 0
  36. 2025Hierarchical Ranking Neural Network for Long Document Readability Assessmentcited by 0
  37. 2026The Crutch or the Ceiling? How Different Generations of LLMs Shape EFL Student Writingscited by 0
  38. 2026ComplexityMT: Benchmarking the Interaction Between Text Complexity and Machine Translationcited by 0

50 most cited of 54 All 54 (JSON)