mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Spread of hate speech in online social media

arXiv 1812.01693 ↗First posted 4 Dec 2018cs.SIcited by 59

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Abstract (arXiv)

The present online social media platform is afflicted with several issues, with hate speech being on the predominant forefront. The prevalence of online hate speech has fueled horrific real-world hate-crime such as the mass-genocide of Rohingya Muslims, communal violence in Colombo and the recent massacre in the Pittsburgh synagogue. Consequently, It is imperative to understand the diffusion of such hateful content in an online setting. We conduct the first study that analyses the flow and dynamics of posts generated by hateful and non-hateful users on Gab (gab.com) over a massive dataset of 341K users and 21M posts. Our observations confirms that hateful content diffuse farther, wider and faster and have a greater outreach than those of non-hateful users. A deeper inspection into the profiles and network of hateful and non-hateful users reveals that the former are more influential, popular and cohesive. Thus, our research explores the interesting facets of diffusion dynamics of hateful users and broadens our understanding of hate speech in the online world.

Key facts. Cited by 59 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 4 Dec 2018.

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 20; 2022: 6; 2023: 11; 2024: 9; 2025: 10; 2026: 3.

59 papers.

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  1. 2022Handling Bias in Toxic Speech Detection: A Surveycited by 60
  2. 2021A Survey on Multimodal Disinformation Detectioncited by 47
  3. 2021Generate, Prune, Select: A Pipeline for Counterspeech Generation against Online Hate Speechcited by 42
  4. 2021Explainable AI: current status and future directionscited by 32
  5. 2024Human and LLM Biases in Hate Speech Annotations: A Socio-Demographic Analysis of Annotators and Targetscited by 31
  6. 2021DeepHate: Hate Speech Detection via Multi-Faceted Text Representationscited by 29
  7. 2021L3CubeMahaSent: A Marathi Tweet-based Sentiment Analysis Datasetcited by 28
  8. 2022Hate Speech and Offensive Language Detection in Bengalicited by 19
  9. 2024MetaHate: A Dataset for Unifying Efforts on Hate Speech Detectioncited by 14
  10. 2023CoSyn: Detecting Implicit Hate Speech in Online Conversations Using a Context Synergized Hyperbolic Networkcited by 12
  11. 2021You too Brutus! Trapping Hateful Users in Social Media: Challenges, Solutions & Insightscited by 11
  12. 2024SGHateCheck: Functional Tests for Detecting Hate Speech in Low-Resource Languages of Singaporecited by 10
38 more
  1. 2025AfriHate: A Multilingual Collection of Hate Speech and Abusive Language Datasets for African Languagescited by 10
  2. 2021Exploring Transformer Based Models to Identify Hate Speech and Offensive Content in English and Indo-Aryan Languagescited by 9
  3. 2023Causality Guided Disentanglement for Cross-Platform Hate Speech Detectioncited by 9
  4. 2024"Cold, Calculated, and Condescending": How AI Identifies and Explains Ableism Compared to Disabled Peoplecited by 9
  5. 2025Evaluation and Facilitation of Online Discussions in the LLM Era: A Surveycited by 8
  6. 2023Revisiting Hate Speech Benchmarks: From Data Curation to System Deploymentcited by 7
  7. 2021Abusive and Threatening Language Detection in Urdu using Boosting based and BERT based models: A Comparative Approachcited by 6
  8. 2021Retweet communities reveal the main sources of hate speechcited by 5
  9. 2023On the rise of fear speech in online social mediacited by 5
  10. 2024Low-Resource Counterspeech Generation for Indic Languages: The Case of Bengali and Hindicited by 5
  11. 2021Leveraging cross-platform data to improve automated hate speech detectioncited by 4
  12. 2021Unified and Multilingual Author Profiling for Detecting Haterscited by 4
  13. 2023Hatemongers ride on echo chambers to escalate hate speech diffusioncited by 4
  14. 2025Distilling Knowledge from Large Language Models: A Concept Bottleneck Model for Hate and Counter Speech Recognitioncited by 4
  15. 2021Perceived and Intended Sarcasm Detection with Graph Attention Networkscited by 3
  16. 2023Upvotes? Downvotes? No Votes? Understanding the relationship between reaction mechanisms and political discourse on Redditcited by 3
  17. 2023Hate Speech Detection in Limited Data Contexts using Synthetic Data Generationcited by 3
  18. 2021Mind-proofing Your Phone: Navigating the Digital Minefield with GreaseTerminatorcited by 2
  19. 2022Nipping in the Bud: Detection, Diffusion and Mitigation of Hate Speech on Social Mediacited by 2
  20. 2024A Survey on Automatic Online Hate Speech Detection in Low-Resource Languagescited by 2
  21. 2025Beating Harmful Stereotypes Through Facts: RAG-based Counter-speech Generationcited by 2
  22. 2021Task Adaptive Pretraining of Transformers for Hostility Detectioncited by 1
  23. 2021Hopeful_Men@LT-EDI-EACL2021: Hope Speech Detection Using Indic Transliteration and Transformerscited by 1
  24. 2021dictNN: A Dictionary-Enhanced CNN Approach for Classifying Hate Speech on Twittercited by 1
  25. 2021Addressing Hate Speech with Data Science: An Overview from Computer Science Perspectivecited by 1
  26. 2021Battling Hateful Content in Indic Languages HASOC '21cited by 1
  27. 2022Going Extreme: Comparative Analysis of Hate Speech in Parler and Gabcited by 1
  28. 2023Topological Data Mapping of Online Hate Speech, Misinformation, and General Mental Health: A Large Language Model Based Studycited by 1
  29. 2024Mapping Violence: Developing an Extensive Framework to Build a Bangla Sectarian Expression Dataset from Social Media Interactionscited by 1
  30. 2025Hotter and Colder: A New Approach to Annotating Sentiment, Emotions, and Bias in Icelandic Blog Commentscited by 1
  31. 2025Will I Get Hate Speech Predicting the Volume of Abusive Replies before Posting in Social Mediacited by 1
  32. 2025Causality Guided Representation Learning for Cross-Style Hate Speech Detectioncited by 1
  33. 2021MigrationsKB: A Knowledge Base of Public Attitudes towards Migrations and their Driving Factorscited by 0
  34. 2021Data Science Kitchen at GermEval 2021: A Fine Selection of Hand-Picked Features, Delivered Fresh from the Ovencited by 0
  35. 2022Dominant Set-based Active Learning for Text Classification and its Application to Online Social Mediacited by 0
  36. 2022Multilingual Hate Speech and Offensive Content Detection using Modified Cross-entropy Losscited by 0
  37. 2023Analyzing User Characteristics of Hate Speech Spreaders on Social Mediacited by 0
  38. 2023A Survey on Online User Aggression: Content Detection and Behavioral Analysis on Social Mediacited by 0

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