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Hate Speech Detection in Turkish and Arabic: A Comprehensive Study

arXiv 2607.00143 ↗First posted 30 Jun 2026cs.CL cs.AIcited by 0

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Abstract (arXiv)

Online hate speech has been linked to a global rise in violence against minorities, including incidents such as mass shootings, lynchings, and ethnic cleansing. Societies grappling with this issue, particularly when hate speech targets specific groups based on religion, race, ethnicity, culture, nationality, or migration status, face the challenge of balancing freedom of expression with the need for effective content moderation on widely used online platforms. In response to this challenge, we introduce a comprehensive hate speech dataset covering five distinct topics in Turkish: refugees, the Israel-Palestine conflict, anti-Greek sentiment in Turkey, ethnic or religious communities (Alevis, Armenians, Arabs, Jews, and Kurds), and LGBTI+, alongside one topic in Arabic (refugees). In addition, we develop state-of-the-art BERT-based models to address multiple dimensions of hate speech analysis, including hate category classification, hate intensity prediction, target identification, and hate speech span detection, enabling a comprehensive understanding of hateful content in online discourse.

Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 15 of its 38 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Jun 2026.

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15 of 38 references.

References · 15

  1. 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
  2. 2020A Simple Framework for Contrastive Learning of Visual Representationscited by 12,049
  3. 2020Supervised Contrastive Learningcited by 2,829
  4. 2023Synthetic Data Generation with Large Language Models for Text Classification: Potential and Limitationscited by 100
  5. 2018Spread of hate speech in online social mediacited by 59
  6. 2022Large-Scale Hate Speech Detection with Cross-Domain Transfercited by 41
  7. 2024Generative AI for Synthetic Data Generation: Methods, Challenges and the Futurecited by 33
  8. 2021A systematic review of Hate Speech automatic detection using Natural Language Processingcited by 27
  9. 2023ViHOS: Hate Speech Spans Detection for Vietnamesecited by 13
  10. 2021Contextual-Lexicon Approach for Abusive Language Detectioncited by 7
  11. 2024Explainability and Hate Speech: Structured Explanations Make Social Media Moderators Fastercited by 7
  12. 2024Exploring Boundaries and Intensities in Offensive and Hate Speech: Unveiling the Complex Spectrum of Social Media Discoursecited by 4
3 more
  1. 2021Zero-shot hashtag segmentation for multilingual sentiment analysiscited by 3
  2. 2025Dealing with Annotator Disagreement in Hate Speech Classificationcited by 3
  3. 2025A Survey of Machine Learning Models and Datasets for the Multi-label Classification of Textual Hate Speech in Englishcited by 2

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