Neural Approaches to Conversational AI
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Abstract (arXiv)
The present paper surveys neural approaches to conversational AI that have been developed in the last few years. We group conversational systems into three categories: (1) question answering agents, (2) task-oriented dialogue agents, and (3) chatbots. For each category, we present a review of state-of-the-art neural approaches, draw the connection between them and traditional approaches, and discuss the progress that has been made and challenges still being faced, using specific systems and models as case studies.
Key facts. Cited by 165 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 21 Sep 2018.
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Citing papers per year: 2018: 2; 2019: 0; 2020: 0; 2021: 47; 2022: 45; 2023: 36; 2024: 13; 2025: 17; 2026: 5.
165 papers.
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- 2022Survey of Hallucination in Natural Language Generationcited by 2,075
- 2023CAMEL: Communicative Agents for "Mind" Exploration of Large Language Model Societycited by 1,395
- 2021Large Language Models Can Be Strong Differentially Private Learnerscited by 412
- 2023Check Your Facts and Try Again: Improving Large Language Models with External Knowledge and Automated Feedbackcited by 353
- 2018Reinforced Cross-Modal Matching and Self-Supervised Imitation Learning for Vision-Language Navigationcited by 305
- 2022BlenderBot 3: a deployed conversational agent that continually learns to responsibly engagecited by 198
- 2021Retrieving and Reading: A Comprehensive Survey on Open-domain Question Answeringcited by 178
- 2021Recent Advances in Deep Learning Based Dialogue Systems: A Systematic Surveycited by 130
- 2025CollabLLM: From Passive Responders to Active Collaboratorscited by 124
- 2022Vision-Language Pre-training: Basics, Recent Advances, and Future Trendscited by 117
- 2022The Moral Integrity Corpus: A Benchmark for Ethical Dialogue Systemscited by 93
- 2021Anticipating Safety Issues in E2E Conversational AI: Framework and Toolingcited by 78
38 more
- 2022TalkToModel: Explaining Machine Learning Models with Interactive Natural Language Conversationscited by 66
- 2022DialFRED: Dialogue-Enabled Agents for Embodied Instruction Followingcited by 63
- 2022MMDialog: A Large-scale Multi-turn Dialogue Dataset Towards Multi-modal Open-domain Conversationcited by 56
- 2022Rethinking Explainability as a Dialogue: A Practitioner's Perspectivecited by 52
- 2022GODEL: Large-Scale Pre-Training for Goal-Directed Dialogcited by 51
- 2023MindfulDiary: Harnessing Large Language Model to Support Psychiatric Patients' Journalingcited by 50
- 2023Rethinking the Evaluation for Conversational Recommendation in the Era of Large Language Modelscited by 48
- 2021UnitedQA: A Hybrid Approach for Open Domain Question Answeringcited by 42
- 2022Neural Approaches to Conversational Information Retrievalcited by 42
- 2021PLATO-XL: Exploring the Large-scale Pre-training of Dialogue Generationcited by 37
- 2021NaturalConv: A Chinese Dialogue Dataset Towards Multi-turn Topic-driven Conversationcited by 35
- 2022CHAI: A CHatbot AI for Task-Oriented Dialogue with Offline Reinforcement Learningcited by 34
- 2021Defending Against Backdoor Attacks in Natural Language Generationcited by 33
- 2022Why So Toxic? Measuring and Triggering Toxic Behavior in Open-Domain Chatbotscited by 33
- 2025LLM-Powered GUI Agents in Phone Automation: Surveying Progress and Prospectscited by 32
- 2021Survey on reinforcement learning for language processingcited by 31
- 2021Conversational Question Answering: A Surveycited by 31
- 2022InstructionNER: A Multi-Task Instruction-Based Generative Framework for Few-shot NERcited by 31
- 2023A Large Language Model Enhanced Conversational Recommender Systemcited by 31
- 2022A Survey on Recent Advances and Challenges in Reinforcement Learning Methods for Task-Oriented Dialogue Policy Learningcited by 30
- 2021OTTers: One-turn Topic Transitions for Open-Domain Dialoguecited by 29
- 2021Self-supervised Dialogue Learning for Spoken Conversational Question Answeringcited by 28
- 2021Slot Self-Attentive Dialogue State Trackingcited by 27
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- 2021A Short Survey of Pre-trained Language Models for Conversational AI-A NewAge in NLPcited by 25
- 2021Conversational Question Answering over Knowledge Graphs with Transformer and Graph Attention Networkscited by 24
- 2021Are Pretrained Transformers Robust in Intent Classification? A Missing Ingredient in Evaluation of Out-of-Scope Intent Detectioncited by 22
- 2021DS-TOD: Efficient Domain Specialization for Task Oriented Dialogcited by 21
- 2021Virtual Augmentation Supported Contrastive Learning of Sentence Representationscited by 21
- 2023Fantastic Rewards and How to Tame Them: A Case Study on Reward Learning for Task-oriented Dialogue Systemscited by 19
- 2024CloChat: Understanding How People Customize, Interact, and Experience Personas in Large Language Modelscited by 19
- 2022Improving Semantic Matching through Dependency-Enhanced Pre-trained Model with Adaptive Fusioncited by 18
- 2021A Survey on Deep Reinforcement Learning for Audio-Based Applicationscited by 17
- 2021AUGNLG: Few-shot Natural Language Generation using Self-trained Data Augmentationcited by 17
- 2021OpenViDial 2.0: A Larger-Scale, Open-Domain Dialogue Generation Dataset with Visual Contextscited by 16
- 2022Multimodal Conversational AI: A Survey of Datasets and Approachescited by 16
- 2023Interactive-Chain-Prompting: Ambiguity Resolution for Crosslingual Conditional Generation with Interactioncited by 16
- 2021LET: Linguistic Knowledge Enhanced Graph Transformer for Chinese Short Text Matchingcited by 15
50 most cited of 165 All 165 (JSON)
- 2026Following the Flow the Law Requires: Training Voice Agents to Transfer to Unseen Regulated Procedures in Debt Collection1 Oct 2026
- 2026ESAinsTOD: A Unified End-to-End Schema-Aware Instruction-Tuning Framework for Task-Oriented Dialog Modeling10 Mar 2026
- 2026Orcheo: A Modular Full-Stack Platform for Conversational Search16 Feb 2026
- 2026Challenges in Translating Technical Lectures: Insights from the NPTEL9 Feb 2026
- 2026Decoupling Strategy and Execution in Task-Focused Dialogue via Goal-Oriented Preference Optimization24 Jan 2026
- 2025A Multimodal Conversational Agent for Tabular Data Analysis23 Nov 2025
- 2025Modeling User-System Behavior for Training-free Building of Private Domain Conversational Agents13 Nov 2025
- 2025A Survey of the State-of-the-Art in Conversational Question Answering Systems6 Sep 2025
- 2025From Clicks to Preference: A Multi-stage Alignment Framework for Generative Query Suggestion in Conversational System15 Aug 2025
- 2025ChatGPT on the Road: Leveraging Large Language Model-Powered In-vehicle Conversational Agents for Safer and More Enjoyable Driving Experience11 Aug 2025
- 2025Can LLMs Generate High-Quality Task-Specific Conversations?4 Aug 2025
- 2025HeQ: a Large and Diverse Hebrew Reading Comprehension Benchmark3 Aug 2025
38 more
- 2025Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop 24352 -- Conversational Agents: A Framework for Evaluation (CAFE): Manifesto8 Jun 2025
- 2025How Managers Perceive AI-Assisted Conversational Training for Workplace Communication20 May 2025
- 2025Telco-oRAG: Optimizing Retrieval-augmented Generation for Telecom Queries via Hybrid Retrieval and Neural Routing17 May 2025
- 2025LLM-Powered GUI Agents in Phone Automation: Surveying Progress and Prospects28 Apr 2025
- 2025Simulating Before Planning: Constructing Intrinsic User World Model for User-Tailored Dialogue Policy Planning18 Apr 2025
- 2025Hierarchical Adaptive Expert for Multimodal Sentiment Analysis25 Mar 2025
- 2025CoMAC: Conversational Agent for Multi-Source Auxiliary Context with Sparse and Symmetric Latent Interactions25 Mar 2025
- 2025Evolving Hate Speech Online: An Adaptive Framework for Detection and Mitigation15 Feb 2025
- 2025CollabLLM: From Passive Responders to Active Collaborators2 Feb 2025
- 2025Leveraging Graph Structures and Large Language Models for End-to-End Synthetic Task-Oriented Dialogues21 Jan 2025
- 2024MORTAR: Multi-turn Metamorphic Testing for LLM-based Dialogue Systems20 Dec 2024
- 2024The Three Social Dimensions of Chatbot Technology16 Dec 2024
- 2024A Stack-Propagation Framework for Low-Resource Personalized Dialogue Generation26 Oct 2024
- 2024SynapticRAG: Enhancing Temporal Memory Retrieval in Large Language Models through Synaptic Mechanisms17 Oct 2024
- 2024On the Use of Audio to Improve Dialogue Policies17 Oct 2024
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- 2024Converging Paradigms: The Synergy of Symbolic and Connectionist AI in LLM-Empowered Autonomous Agents11 Jul 2024
- 2024Rewarding What Matters: Step-by-Step Reinforcement Learning for Task-Oriented Dialogue20 Jun 2024
- 2024Phonetic Enhanced Language Modeling for Text-to-Speech Synthesis4 Jun 2024
- 2024Telco-RAG: Navigating the Challenges of Retrieval-Augmented Language Models for Telecommunications24 Apr 2024
- 2024Towards a Zero-Data, Controllable, Adaptive Dialog System26 Mar 2024
- 2024JMultiWOZ: A Large-Scale Japanese Multi-Domain Task-Oriented Dialogue Dataset26 Mar 2024
- 2024CloChat: Understanding How People Customize, Interact, and Experience Personas in Large Language Models23 Feb 2024
- 2023Voice-Based Smart Assistant System for Vehicles using RASA4 Dec 2023
- 2023Are cascade dialogue state tracking models speaking out of turn in spoken dialogues?3 Nov 2023
- 2023Synergizing Human-AI Agency: A Guide of 23 Heuristics for Service Co-Creation with LLM-Based Agents23 Oct 2023
- 2023Lexical Entrainment for Conversational Systems14 Oct 2023
- 2023InstructTODS: Large Language Models for End-to-End Task-Oriented Dialogue Systems13 Oct 2023
- 2023MindfulDiary: Harnessing Large Language Model to Support Psychiatric Patients' Journaling8 Oct 2023
- 2023Serving Deep Learning Model in Relational Databases7 Oct 2023
- 2023"ChatGPT, a Friend or Foe for Education?" Analyzing the User's Perspectives on the Latest AI Chatbot Via Reddit27 Sep 2023
- 2023S3-DST: Structured Open-Domain Dialogue Segmentation and State Tracking in the Era of LLMs16 Sep 2023
- 2023Promoting Open-domain Dialogue Generation through Learning Pattern Information between Contexts and Responses6 Sep 2023
- 2023Enhancing Performance on Seen and Unseen Dialogue Scenarios using Retrieval-Augmented End-to-End Task-Oriented System16 Aug 2023
- 2023A Large Language Model Enhanced Conversational Recommender System11 Aug 2023
- 2023Learning to Select the Relevant History Turns in Conversational Question Answering4 Aug 2023
- 2023Leveraging Implicit Feedback from Deployment Data in Dialogue26 Jul 2023
- 2023Improving Open Language Models by Learning from Organic Interactions7 Jun 2023
50 newest of 165 All 165 (JSON)
- 2023CAMEL: Communicative Agents for "Mind" Exploration of Large Language Model Societycited by 1,395
- 2025LLM-Powered GUI Agents in Phone Automation: Surveying Progress and Prospectscited by 32
- 2024Converging Paradigms: The Synergy of Symbolic and Connectionist AI in LLM-Empowered Autonomous Agentscited by 9
- 2023You Truly Understand What I Need: Intellectual and Friendly Dialogue Agents grounding Knowledge and Personacited by 8
- 2023Synergizing Human-AI Agency: A Guide of 23 Heuristics for Service Co-Creation with LLM-Based Agentscited by 5
- 2025ChatGPT on the Road: Leveraging Large Language Model-Powered In-vehicle Conversational Agents for Safer and More Enjoyable Driving Experiencecited by 3
- 2025Modeling User-System Behavior for Training-free Building of Private Domain Conversational Agentscited by 0
- 2025A Multimodal Conversational Agent for Tabular Data Analysiscited by 0
- 2026Following the Flow the Law Requires: Training Voice Agents to Transfer to Unseen Regulated Procedures in Debt Collectioncited by 0
- 2026Following the Flow the Law Requires: Training Voice Agents to Transfer to Unseen Regulated Procedures in Debt Collection1 Oct 2026
- 2025A Multimodal Conversational Agent for Tabular Data Analysis23 Nov 2025
- 2025Modeling User-System Behavior for Training-free Building of Private Domain Conversational Agents13 Nov 2025
- 2025ChatGPT on the Road: Leveraging Large Language Model-Powered In-vehicle Conversational Agents for Safer and More Enjoyable Driving Experience11 Aug 2025
- 2025LLM-Powered GUI Agents in Phone Automation: Surveying Progress and Prospects28 Apr 2025
- 2024Converging Paradigms: The Synergy of Symbolic and Connectionist AI in LLM-Empowered Autonomous Agents11 Jul 2024
- 2023Synergizing Human-AI Agency: A Guide of 23 Heuristics for Service Co-Creation with LLM-Based Agents23 Oct 2023
- 2023CAMEL: Communicative Agents for "Mind" Exploration of Large Language Model Society31 Mar 2023
- 2023You Truly Understand What I Need: Intellectual and Friendly Dialogue Agents grounding Knowledge and Persona6 Jan 2023
- 2024Telco-RAG: Navigating the Challenges of Retrieval-Augmented Language Models for Telecommunicationscited by 26
- 2025Telco-oRAG: Optimizing Retrieval-augmented Generation for Telecom Queries via Hybrid Retrieval and Neural Routingcited by 3
- 2023Enhancing Performance on Seen and Unseen Dialogue Scenarios using Retrieval-Augmented End-to-End Task-Oriented Systemcited by 2
- 2024Development of REGAI: Rubric Enabled Generative Artificial Intelligencecited by 1
- 2025Telco-oRAG: Optimizing Retrieval-augmented Generation for Telecom Queries via Hybrid Retrieval and Neural Routing17 May 2025
- 2024Development of REGAI: Rubric Enabled Generative Artificial Intelligence5 Aug 2024
- 2024Telco-RAG: Navigating the Challenges of Retrieval-Augmented Language Models for Telecommunications24 Apr 2024
- 2023Enhancing Performance on Seen and Unseen Dialogue Scenarios using Retrieval-Augmented End-to-End Task-Oriented System16 Aug 2023
- 2022Survey of Hallucination in Natural Language Generationcited by 2,075
- 2021Large Language Models Can Be Strong Differentially Private Learnerscited by 412
- 2023Check Your Facts and Try Again: Improving Large Language Models with External Knowledge and Automated Feedbackcited by 353
- 2022BlenderBot 3: a deployed conversational agent that continually learns to responsibly engagecited by 198
- 2021Retrieving and Reading: A Comprehensive Survey on Open-domain Question Answeringcited by 178
- 2021Recent Advances in Deep Learning Based Dialogue Systems: A Systematic Surveycited by 130
- 2025CollabLLM: From Passive Responders to Active Collaboratorscited by 124
- 2022The Moral Integrity Corpus: A Benchmark for Ethical Dialogue Systemscited by 93
- 2021Anticipating Safety Issues in E2E Conversational AI: Framework and Toolingcited by 78
- 2022TalkToModel: Explaining Machine Learning Models with Interactive Natural Language Conversationscited by 66
- 2022DialFRED: Dialogue-Enabled Agents for Embodied Instruction Followingcited by 63
- 2022MMDialog: A Large-scale Multi-turn Dialogue Dataset Towards Multi-modal Open-domain Conversationcited by 56
12 most cited of 140 All 140 (JSON)
- 2026ESAinsTOD: A Unified End-to-End Schema-Aware Instruction-Tuning Framework for Task-Oriented Dialog Modeling10 Mar 2026
- 2026Orcheo: A Modular Full-Stack Platform for Conversational Search16 Feb 2026
- 2026Challenges in Translating Technical Lectures: Insights from the NPTEL9 Feb 2026
- 2025A Survey of the State-of-the-Art in Conversational Question Answering Systems6 Sep 2025
- 2025Can LLMs Generate High-Quality Task-Specific Conversations?4 Aug 2025
- 2025HeQ: a Large and Diverse Hebrew Reading Comprehension Benchmark3 Aug 2025
- 2025Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop 24352 -- Conversational Agents: A Framework for Evaluation (CAFE): Manifesto8 Jun 2025
- 2025How Managers Perceive AI-Assisted Conversational Training for Workplace Communication20 May 2025
- 2025Hierarchical Adaptive Expert for Multimodal Sentiment Analysis25 Mar 2025
- 2025CoMAC: Conversational Agent for Multi-Source Auxiliary Context with Sparse and Symmetric Latent Interactions25 Mar 2025
- 2025Evolving Hate Speech Online: An Adaptive Framework for Detection and Mitigation15 Feb 2025
- 2025CollabLLM: From Passive Responders to Active Collaborators2 Feb 2025
12 newest of 140 All 140 (JSON)