mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Virtual Augmentation Supported Contrastive Learning of Sentence Representations

arXiv 2110.08552 ↗First posted 16 Oct 2021cs.CL cs.LGcited by 21

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Abstract (arXiv)

Despite profound successes, contrastive representation learning relies on carefully designed data augmentations using domain specific knowledge. This challenge is magnified in natural language processing where no general rules exist for data augmentation due to the discrete nature of natural language. We tackle this challenge by presenting a Virtual augmentation Supported Contrastive Learning of sentence representations (VaSCL). Originating from the interpretation that data augmentation essentially constructs the neighborhoods of each training instance, we in turn utilize the neighborhood to generate effective data augmentations. Leveraging the large training batch size of contrastive learning, we approximate the neighborhood of an instance via its K-nearest in-batch neighbors in the representation space. We then define an instance discrimination task regarding this neighborhood and generate the virtual augmentation in an adversarial training manner. We access the performance of VaSCL on a wide range of downstream tasks, and set a new state-of-the-art for unsupervised sentence representation learning.

Key facts. Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 48 of its 83 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Oct 2021.

Builds on

48 of 83 references.

References · 48

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Citing papers per year: 2022: 5; 2023: 7; 2024: 6; 2025: 3.

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  1. 2024DeTeCtive: Detecting AI-generated Text via Multi-Level Contrastive Learningcited by 52
  2. 2024Heterogeneous Contrastive Learning for Foundation Models and Beyondcited by 27
  3. 2023Whitening-based Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddingscited by 21
  4. 2024Mobility-LLM: Learning Visiting Intentions and Travel Preferences from Human Mobility Data with Large Language Modelscited by 21
  5. 2022ContraCLM: Contrastive Learning For Causal Language Modelcited by 18
  6. 2022Learning Dialogue Representations from Consecutive Utterancescited by 17
  7. 2022Improving Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddings with Case-Augmented Positives and Retrieved Negativescited by 16
  8. 2024Does Negative Sampling Matter? A Review with Insights into its Theory and Applicationscited by 14
  9. 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Sentence Representations: From the BERT Epoch to the ChatGPT Era and Beyondcited by 11
  10. 2024Dialog2Flow: Pre-training Soft-Contrastive Action-Driven Sentence Embeddings for Automatic Dialog Flow Extractioncited by 8
  11. 2022miCSE: Mutual Information Contrastive Learning for Low-shot Sentence Embeddingscited by 7
  12. 2025On The Role of Pretrained Language Models in General-Purpose Text Embeddings: A Surveycited by 3
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  1. 2023Identical and Fraternal Twins: Fine-Grained Semantic Contrastive Learning of Sentence Representationscited by 2
  2. 2024Spatial-Temporal Cross-View Contrastive Pre-training for Check-in Sequence Representation Learningcited by 2
  3. 2023ESCL: Equivariant Self-Contrastive Learning for Sentence Representationscited by 1
  4. 2023Template-assisted Contrastive Learning of Task-oriented Dialogue Sentence Embeddingscited by 1
  5. 2023EMMA-X: An EM-like Multilingual Pre-training Algorithm for Cross-lingual Representation Learningcited by 1
  6. 2023An Efficient Self-Supervised Cross-View Training For Sentence Embeddingcited by 1
  7. 2022RPN: A Word Vector Level Data Augmentation Algorithm in Deep Learning for Language Understandingcited by 0
  8. 2025Can We Predict Your Next Move Without Breaking Your Privacy?cited by 0
  9. 2025GSTM-HMU: Generative Spatio-Temporal Modeling for Human Mobility Understandingcited by 0