Virtual Augmentation Supported Contrastive Learning of Sentence Representations
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Abstract (arXiv)
Despite profound successes, contrastive representation learning relies on carefully designed data augmentations using domain specific knowledge. This challenge is magnified in natural language processing where no general rules exist for data augmentation due to the discrete nature of natural language. We tackle this challenge by presenting a Virtual augmentation Supported Contrastive Learning of sentence representations (VaSCL). Originating from the interpretation that data augmentation essentially constructs the neighborhoods of each training instance, we in turn utilize the neighborhood to generate effective data augmentations. Leveraging the large training batch size of contrastive learning, we approximate the neighborhood of an instance via its K-nearest in-batch neighbors in the representation space. We then define an instance discrimination task regarding this neighborhood and generate the virtual augmentation in an adversarial training manner. We access the performance of VaSCL on a wide range of downstream tasks, and set a new state-of-the-art for unsupervised sentence representation learning.
Key facts. Cited by 21 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 48 of its 83 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Oct 2021.
Builds on
48 of 83 references.
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Citing papers per year: 2022: 5; 2023: 7; 2024: 6; 2025: 3.
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- 2024Spatial-Temporal Cross-View Contrastive Pre-training for Check-in Sequence Representation Learning22 Jul 2024
- 2024Heterogeneous Contrastive Learning for Foundation Models and Beyond30 Mar 2024
- 2024Does Negative Sampling Matter? A Review with Insights into its Theory and Applications27 Feb 2024
- 2023An Efficient Self-Supervised Cross-View Training For Sentence Embedding6 Nov 2023
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- 2023ESCL: Equivariant Self-Contrastive Learning for Sentence Representations9 Mar 2023
- 2022RPN: A Word Vector Level Data Augmentation Algorithm in Deep Learning for Language Understanding12 Dec 2022
- 2022miCSE: Mutual Information Contrastive Learning for Low-shot Sentence Embeddings9 Nov 2022
- 2022ContraCLM: Contrastive Learning For Causal Language Model3 Oct 2022
- 2022Improving Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddings with Case-Augmented Positives and Retrieved Negatives6 Jun 2022
- 2022Learning Dialogue Representations from Consecutive Utterances26 May 2022
- 2024DeTeCtive: Detecting AI-generated Text via Multi-Level Contrastive Learningcited by 52
- 2024Heterogeneous Contrastive Learning for Foundation Models and Beyondcited by 27
- 2023Whitening-based Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddingscited by 21
- 2024Mobility-LLM: Learning Visiting Intentions and Travel Preferences from Human Mobility Data with Large Language Modelscited by 21
- 2022ContraCLM: Contrastive Learning For Causal Language Modelcited by 18
- 2022Learning Dialogue Representations from Consecutive Utterancescited by 17
- 2022Improving Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddings with Case-Augmented Positives and Retrieved Negativescited by 16
- 2024Does Negative Sampling Matter? A Review with Insights into its Theory and Applicationscited by 14
- 2023A Comprehensive Survey of Sentence Representations: From the BERT Epoch to the ChatGPT Era and Beyondcited by 11
- 2024Dialog2Flow: Pre-training Soft-Contrastive Action-Driven Sentence Embeddings for Automatic Dialog Flow Extractioncited by 8
- 2022miCSE: Mutual Information Contrastive Learning for Low-shot Sentence Embeddingscited by 7
- 2025On The Role of Pretrained Language Models in General-Purpose Text Embeddings: A Surveycited by 3
12 most cited of 21 All 21 (JSON)
- 2025GSTM-HMU: Generative Spatio-Temporal Modeling for Human Mobility Understanding23 Sep 2025
- 2025On The Role of Pretrained Language Models in General-Purpose Text Embeddings: A Survey28 Jul 2025
- 2025Can We Predict Your Next Move Without Breaking Your Privacy?8 Jul 2025
- 2024Mobility-LLM: Learning Visiting Intentions and Travel Preferences from Human Mobility Data with Large Language Models29 Oct 2024
- 2024DeTeCtive: Detecting AI-generated Text via Multi-Level Contrastive Learning28 Oct 2024
- 2024Dialog2Flow: Pre-training Soft-Contrastive Action-Driven Sentence Embeddings for Automatic Dialog Flow Extraction24 Oct 2024
- 2024Spatial-Temporal Cross-View Contrastive Pre-training for Check-in Sequence Representation Learning22 Jul 2024
- 2024Heterogeneous Contrastive Learning for Foundation Models and Beyond30 Mar 2024
- 2024Does Negative Sampling Matter? A Review with Insights into its Theory and Applications27 Feb 2024
- 2023An Efficient Self-Supervised Cross-View Training For Sentence Embedding6 Nov 2023
- 2023EMMA-X: An EM-like Multilingual Pre-training Algorithm for Cross-lingual Representation Learning26 Oct 2023
- 2023Identical and Fraternal Twins: Fine-Grained Semantic Contrastive Learning of Sentence Representations20 Jul 2023
12 newest of 21 All 21 (JSON)