mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Racial Disparity in Natural Language Processing: A Case Study of Social Media African-American English

arXiv 1707.00061 ↗First posted 30 Jun 2017cs.CY cs.CLcited by 71

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Abstract (arXiv)

We highlight an important frontier in algorithmic fairness: disparity in the quality of natural language processing algorithms when applied to language from authors of different social groups. For example, current systems sometimes analyze the language of females and minorities more poorly than they do of whites and males. We conduct an empirical analysis of racial disparity in language identification for tweets written in African-American English, and discuss implications of disparity in NLP.

Key facts. Cited by 71 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 30 Jun 2017.

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 8; 2022: 13; 2023: 16; 2024: 19; 2025: 8; 2026: 7.

71 papers.

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  1. 2023Bias and Fairness in Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 639
  2. 2023DoReMi: Optimizing Data Mixtures Speeds Up Language Model Pretrainingcited by 399
  3. 2023Data Selection for Language Models via Importance Resamplingcited by 329
  4. 2022Challenges and Strategies in Cross-Cultural NLPcited by 218
  5. 2021Quantifying Social Biases in NLP: A Generalization and Empirical Comparison of Extrinsic Fairness Metricscited by 83
  6. 2024Bias in Large Language Models: Origin, Evaluation, and Mitigationcited by 77
  7. 2021Towards generalisable hate speech detection: a review on obstacles and solutionscited by 66
  8. 2024Large Language Model Safety: A Holistic Surveycited by 59
  9. 2022Multi-VALUE: A Framework for Cross-Dialectal English NLPcited by 53
  10. 2021Mitigating Dataset Harms Requires Stewardship: Lessons from 1000 Paperscited by 49
  11. 2022VALUE: Understanding Dialect Disparity in NLUcited by 47
  12. 2024Dialect prejudice predicts AI decisions about people's character, employability, and criminalitycited by 37
38 more
  1. 2023Evaluation of African American Language Bias in Natural Language Generationcited by 36
  2. 2024History, Development, and Principles of Large Language Models-An Introductory Surveycited by 30
  3. 2023Understanding and Mitigating the Label Noise in Pre-training on Downstream Taskscited by 27
  4. 2024Deconstructing The Ethics of Large Language Models from Long-standing Issues to New-emerging Dilemmas: A Surveycited by 23
  5. 2023A Material Lens on Coloniality in NLPcited by 21
  6. 2022Challenges in Applying Explainability Methods to Improve the Fairness of NLP Modelscited by 20
  7. 2025Rejected Dialects: Biases Against African American Language in Reward Modelscited by 20
  8. 2022How to keep text private? A systematic review of deep learning methods for privacy-preserving natural language processingcited by 16
  9. 2023Fairness in Language Models Beyond English: Gaps and Challengescited by 16
  10. 2024The "Colonial Impulse" of Natural Language Processing: An Audit of Bengali Sentiment Analysis Tools and Their Identity-based Biasescited by 16
  11. 2021Fair Enough: Searching for Sufficient Measures of Fairnesscited by 14
  12. 2021Automated Quality Assessment of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Sessions Through Highly Contextualized Language Representationscited by 13
  13. 2022Putting the Con in Context: Identifying Deceptive Actors in the Game of Mafiacited by 13
  14. 2023DADA: Dialect Adaptation via Dynamic Aggregation of Linguistic Rulescited by 13
  15. 2024The Sociolinguistic Foundations of Language Modelingcited by 13
  16. 2021Hate Speech Classifiers Learn Human-Like Social Stereotypescited by 12
  17. 2021Learning to be Fair: A Consequentialist Approach to Equitable Decision-Makingcited by 11
  18. 2024"Cold, Calculated, and Condescending": How AI Identifies and Explains Ableism Compared to Disabled Peoplecited by 10
  19. 2023In the Name of Fairness: Assessing the Bias in Clinical Record De-identificationcited by 9
  20. 2023Task-Agnostic Low-Rank Adapters for Unseen English Dialectscited by 9
  21. 2022Detecting Harmful Online Conversational Content towards LGBTQIA+ Individualscited by 8
  22. 2024Impact of Noisy Supervision in Foundation Model Learningcited by 8
  23. 2022Richer Countries and Richer Representationscited by 7
  24. 2022TESTSGD: Interpretable Testing of Neural Networks Against Subtle Group Discriminationcited by 7
  25. 2022Measuring and signing fairness as performance under multiple stakeholder distributionscited by 6
  26. 2024Toward Informal Language Processing: Knowledge of Slang in Large Language Modelscited by 6
  27. 2023Transcending the "Male Code": Implicit Masculine Biases in NLP Contextscited by 5
  28. 2023Adding guardrails to advanced chatbotscited by 5
  29. 2025EnDive: A Cross-Dialect Benchmark for Fairness and Performance in Large Language Modelscited by 5
  30. 2022Fairness for Text Classification Tasks with Identity Information Data Augmentation Methodscited by 4
  31. 2025Attention to Non-Adopterscited by 4
  32. 2022Towards a Deep Multi-layered Dialectal Language Analysis: A Case Study of African-American Englishcited by 3
  33. 2023Hateful Messages: A Conversational Data Set of Hate Speech produced by Adolescents on Discordcited by 3
  34. 2025Data Caricatures: On the Representation of African American Language in Pretraining Corporacited by 3
  35. 2025When Large Language Models Meet Law: Dual-Lens Taxonomy, Technical Advances, and Ethical Governancecited by 3
  36. 2024Towards Better Inclusivity: A Diverse Tweet Corpus of English Varietiescited by 2
  37. 2024Reexamining Racial Disparities in Automatic Speech Recognition Performance: The Role of Confounding by Provenancecited by 2
  38. 2024STOP! Benchmarking Large Language Models with Sensitivity Testing on Offensive Progressionscited by 2

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