Ontology based Scene Creation for the Development of Automated Vehicles
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Abstract (arXiv)
The introduction of automated vehicles without permanent human supervision demands a functional system description, including functional system boundaries and a comprehensive safety analysis. These inputs to the technical development can be identified and analyzed by a scenario-based approach. Furthermore, to establish an economical test and release process, a large number of scenarios must be identified to obtain meaningful test results. Experts are doing well to identify scenarios that are difficult to handle or unlikely to happen. However, experts are unlikely to identify all scenarios possible based on the knowledge they have on hand. Expert knowledge modeled for computer aided processing may help for the purpose of providing a wide range of scenarios. This contribution reviews ontologies as knowledge-based systems in the field of automated vehicles, and proposes a generation of traffic scenes in natural language as a basis for a scenario creation.
Key facts. Cited by 40 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 29 Mar 2017.
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Citing papers per year: 2021: 5; 2022: 5; 2023: 8; 2024: 10; 2025: 5; 2026: 7.
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- 2024ChatScene: Knowledge-Enabled Safety-Critical Scenario Generation for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 92
- 2022SafeBench: A Benchmarking Platform for Safety Evaluation of Autonomous Vehiclescited by 65
- 2023Synthetic Datasets for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 48
- 2024Can Vehicle Motion Planning Generalize to Realistic Long-tail Scenarios?cited by 38
- 2021Inspect, Understand, Overcome: A Survey of Practical Methods for AI Safetycited by 35
- 2021A Survey on Scenario-Based Testing for Automated Driving Systems in High-Fidelity Simulationcited by 21
- 2021Towards Traffic Scene Description: The Semantic Scene Graphcited by 12
- 2022Using Ontologies for the Formalization and Recognition of Criticality for Automated Drivingcited by 12
- 2021A Review of Testing Object-Based Environment Perception for Safe Automated Drivingcited by 9
- 2022A Survey on Knowledge Graph-based Methods for Automated Drivingcited by 8
- 2023Domain Knowledge Distillation from Large Language Model: An Empirical Study in the Autonomous Driving Domaincited by 8
- 2023(Re)2H2O: Autonomous Driving Scenario Generation via Reversely Regularized Hybrid Offline-and-Online Reinforcement Learningcited by 6
28 more
- 2025Make Full Use of Testing Information: An Integrated Accelerated Testing and Evaluation Method for Autonomous Driving Systemscited by 4
- 2023How Does Traffic Environment Quantitatively Affect the Autonomous Driving Prediction?cited by 3
- 2023SAFR-AV: Safety Analysis of Autonomous Vehicles using Real World Data -- An end-to-end solution for real world data driven scenario-based testing for pre-certification of AV stackscited by 3
- 2023Bridging Data-Driven and Knowledge-Driven Approaches for Safety-Critical Scenario Generation in Automated Vehicle Validationcited by 3
- 2025When Digital Twins Meet Large Language Models: Realistic, Interactive, and Editable Simulation for Autonomous Drivingcited by 3
- 2021A Knowledge-based Approach for the Automatic Construction of Skill Graphs for Online Monitoringcited by 2
- 2022Self Supervised Clustering of Traffic Scenes using Graph Representationscited by 2
- 2024Few-Shot Scenario Testing for Autonomous Vehicles Based on Neighborhood Coverage and Similaritycited by 2
- 2024Dance of the ADS: Orchestrating Failures through Historically-Informed Scenario Fuzzingcited by 2
- 2024Edge Case Detection in Automated Driving: Methods, Challenges, and Future Directionscited by 2
- 2025LLM-based Realistic Safety-Critical Driving Video Generationcited by 2
- 2022Graph Modeling in Computer Assisted Automotive Developmentcited by 1
- 2024Traffic Scenario Logic: A Spatial-Temporal Logic for Modeling and Reasoning of Urban Traffic Scenarioscited by 1
- 2024Flow to Rare Events: An Application of Normalizing Flow in Temporal Importance Sampling for Automated Vehicle Validationcited by 1
- 2025Learning Isometric Embeddings of Road Networks using Multidimensional Scalingcited by 1
- 2023Planning Automated Driving with Accident Experience Referencing and Common-sense Inferencingcited by 0
- 2023Towards Establishing Systematic Classification Requirements for Automated Drivingcited by 0
- 2024Causality-based Transfer of Driving Scenarios to Unseen Intersectionscited by 0
- 2024Acceleration method for generating perception failure scenarios based on editing Markov processcited by 0
- 2024An Ontology-based Approach Towards Traceable Behavior Specifications in Automated Drivingcited by 0
- 2025Context-Awareness and Interpretability of Rare Occurrences for Discovery and Formalization of Critical Failure Modescited by 0
- 2026CURVE: Learning Causality-Inspired Invariant Representations for Robust Scene Understanding via Uncertainty-Guided Regularizationcited by 0
- 2026What Will Happen Next: Large Models-Driven Deduction for Emergency Instancescited by 0
- 2026TrafficAlign: Aligning Large Language Models for Traffic Scenario Generationcited by 0
- 2026Scenario Generation for Testing of Autonomous Driving Systems Using Real-World Failure Recordscited by 0
- 2026From Operational Design Domain to Action: A Systematic Behavioral Taxonomy for Autonomous Drivingcited by 0
- 2026SSP: An Event-Matched Syn2Sim2Phy Cross-Domain Evaluation Framework for Autonomous Driving VLA Modelscited by 0
- 2026SAFARI: An Industrial Benchmark for LLM-Assisted Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessmentcited by 0
- 2026SAFARI: An Industrial Benchmark for LLM-Assisted Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment17 Sep 2026
- 2026SSP: An Event-Matched Syn2Sim2Phy Cross-Domain Evaluation Framework for Autonomous Driving VLA Models14 Aug 2026
- 2026From Operational Design Domain to Action: A Systematic Behavioral Taxonomy for Autonomous Driving9 Aug 2026
- 2026Scenario Generation for Testing of Autonomous Driving Systems Using Real-World Failure Records30 Jun 2026
- 2026TrafficAlign: Aligning Large Language Models for Traffic Scenario Generation27 Jun 2026
- 2026What Will Happen Next: Large Models-Driven Deduction for Emergency Instances9 May 2026
- 2026CURVE: Learning Causality-Inspired Invariant Representations for Robust Scene Understanding via Uncertainty-Guided Regularization28 Jan 2026
- 2025LLM-based Realistic Safety-Critical Driving Video Generation2 Jul 2025
- 2025When Digital Twins Meet Large Language Models: Realistic, Interactive, and Editable Simulation for Autonomous Driving30 Jun 2025
- 2025Learning Isometric Embeddings of Road Networks using Multidimensional Scaling24 Apr 2025
- 2025Context-Awareness and Interpretability of Rare Occurrences for Discovery and Formalization of Critical Failure Modes18 Apr 2025
- 2025Make Full Use of Testing Information: An Integrated Accelerated Testing and Evaluation Method for Autonomous Driving Systems21 Jan 2025
28 more
- 2024Edge Case Detection in Automated Driving: Methods, Challenges, and Future Directions11 Oct 2024
- 2024An Ontology-based Approach Towards Traceable Behavior Specifications in Automated Driving10 Sep 2024
- 2024Flow to Rare Events: An Application of Normalizing Flow in Temporal Importance Sampling for Automated Vehicle Validation10 Jul 2024
- 2024Dance of the ADS: Orchestrating Failures through Historically-Informed Scenario Fuzzing5 Jul 2024
- 2024Acceleration method for generating perception failure scenarios based on editing Markov process1 Jul 2024
- 2024ChatScene: Knowledge-Enabled Safety-Critical Scenario Generation for Autonomous Vehicles22 May 2024
- 2024Traffic Scenario Logic: A Spatial-Temporal Logic for Modeling and Reasoning of Urban Traffic Scenarios22 May 2024
- 2024Can Vehicle Motion Planning Generalize to Realistic Long-tail Scenarios?11 Apr 2024
- 2024Causality-based Transfer of Driving Scenarios to Unseen Intersections2 Apr 2024
- 2024Few-Shot Scenario Testing for Autonomous Vehicles Based on Neighborhood Coverage and Similarity2 Feb 2024
- 2023Bridging Data-Driven and Knowledge-Driven Approaches for Safety-Critical Scenario Generation in Automated Vehicle Validation18 Nov 2023
- 2023Towards Establishing Systematic Classification Requirements for Automated Driving26 Jul 2023
- 2023Domain Knowledge Distillation from Large Language Model: An Empirical Study in the Autonomous Driving Domain17 Jul 2023
- 2023Synthetic Datasets for Autonomous Driving: A Survey24 Apr 2023
- 2023SAFR-AV: Safety Analysis of Autonomous Vehicles using Real World Data -- An end-to-end solution for real world data driven scenario-based testing for pre-certification of AV stacks27 Feb 2023
- 2023(Re)2H2O: Autonomous Driving Scenario Generation via Reversely Regularized Hybrid Offline-and-Online Reinforcement Learning27 Feb 2023
- 2023Planning Automated Driving with Accident Experience Referencing and Common-sense Inferencing26 Jan 2023
- 2023How Does Traffic Environment Quantitatively Affect the Autonomous Driving Prediction?11 Jan 2023
- 2022Self Supervised Clustering of Traffic Scenes using Graph Representations24 Nov 2022
- 2022A Survey on Knowledge Graph-based Methods for Automated Driving30 Sep 2022
- 2022Graph Modeling in Computer Assisted Automotive Development29 Sep 2022
- 2022SafeBench: A Benchmarking Platform for Safety Evaluation of Autonomous Vehicles20 Jun 2022
- 2022Using Ontologies for the Formalization and Recognition of Criticality for Automated Driving3 May 2022
- 2021A Survey on Scenario-Based Testing for Automated Driving Systems in High-Fidelity Simulation2 Dec 2021
- 2021Towards Traffic Scene Description: The Semantic Scene Graph19 Nov 2021
- 2021Inspect, Understand, Overcome: A Survey of Practical Methods for AI Safety29 Apr 2021
- 2021A Review of Testing Object-Based Environment Perception for Safe Automated Driving16 Feb 2021
- 2021A Knowledge-based Approach for the Automatic Construction of Skill Graphs for Online Monitoring15 Feb 2021
- 2024ChatScene: Knowledge-Enabled Safety-Critical Scenario Generation for Autonomous Vehiclescited by 92
- 2022SafeBench: A Benchmarking Platform for Safety Evaluation of Autonomous Vehiclescited by 65
- 2023(Re)2H2O: Autonomous Driving Scenario Generation via Reversely Regularized Hybrid Offline-and-Online Reinforcement Learningcited by 6
- 2023SAFR-AV: Safety Analysis of Autonomous Vehicles using Real World Data -- An end-to-end solution for real world data driven scenario-based testing for pre-certification of AV stackscited by 3
- 2025When Digital Twins Meet Large Language Models: Realistic, Interactive, and Editable Simulation for Autonomous Drivingcited by 3
- 2025LLM-based Realistic Safety-Critical Driving Video Generationcited by 2
- 2026SSP: An Event-Matched Syn2Sim2Phy Cross-Domain Evaluation Framework for Autonomous Driving VLA Modelscited by 0
- 2026SSP: An Event-Matched Syn2Sim2Phy Cross-Domain Evaluation Framework for Autonomous Driving VLA Models14 Aug 2026
- 2025LLM-based Realistic Safety-Critical Driving Video Generation2 Jul 2025
- 2025When Digital Twins Meet Large Language Models: Realistic, Interactive, and Editable Simulation for Autonomous Driving30 Jun 2025
- 2024ChatScene: Knowledge-Enabled Safety-Critical Scenario Generation for Autonomous Vehicles22 May 2024
- 2023SAFR-AV: Safety Analysis of Autonomous Vehicles using Real World Data -- An end-to-end solution for real world data driven scenario-based testing for pre-certification of AV stacks27 Feb 2023
- 2023(Re)2H2O: Autonomous Driving Scenario Generation via Reversely Regularized Hybrid Offline-and-Online Reinforcement Learning27 Feb 2023
- 2022SafeBench: A Benchmarking Platform for Safety Evaluation of Autonomous Vehicles20 Jun 2022
- 2023Synthetic Datasets for Autonomous Driving: A Surveycited by 48
- 2024Can Vehicle Motion Planning Generalize to Realistic Long-tail Scenarios?cited by 38
- 2021Inspect, Understand, Overcome: A Survey of Practical Methods for AI Safetycited by 35
- 2021A Survey on Scenario-Based Testing for Automated Driving Systems in High-Fidelity Simulationcited by 21
- 2021Towards Traffic Scene Description: The Semantic Scene Graphcited by 12
- 2022Using Ontologies for the Formalization and Recognition of Criticality for Automated Drivingcited by 12
- 2021A Review of Testing Object-Based Environment Perception for Safe Automated Drivingcited by 9
- 2022A Survey on Knowledge Graph-based Methods for Automated Drivingcited by 8
- 2023Domain Knowledge Distillation from Large Language Model: An Empirical Study in the Autonomous Driving Domaincited by 8
- 2025Make Full Use of Testing Information: An Integrated Accelerated Testing and Evaluation Method for Autonomous Driving Systemscited by 4
- 2023How Does Traffic Environment Quantitatively Affect the Autonomous Driving Prediction?cited by 3
- 2023Bridging Data-Driven and Knowledge-Driven Approaches for Safety-Critical Scenario Generation in Automated Vehicle Validationcited by 3
12 most cited of 32 All 32 (JSON)
- 2026SAFARI: An Industrial Benchmark for LLM-Assisted Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment17 Sep 2026
- 2026From Operational Design Domain to Action: A Systematic Behavioral Taxonomy for Autonomous Driving9 Aug 2026
- 2026Scenario Generation for Testing of Autonomous Driving Systems Using Real-World Failure Records30 Jun 2026
- 2026What Will Happen Next: Large Models-Driven Deduction for Emergency Instances9 May 2026
- 2026CURVE: Learning Causality-Inspired Invariant Representations for Robust Scene Understanding via Uncertainty-Guided Regularization28 Jan 2026
- 2025Learning Isometric Embeddings of Road Networks using Multidimensional Scaling24 Apr 2025
- 2025Context-Awareness and Interpretability of Rare Occurrences for Discovery and Formalization of Critical Failure Modes18 Apr 2025
- 2025Make Full Use of Testing Information: An Integrated Accelerated Testing and Evaluation Method for Autonomous Driving Systems21 Jan 2025
- 2024Edge Case Detection in Automated Driving: Methods, Challenges, and Future Directions11 Oct 2024
- 2024An Ontology-based Approach Towards Traceable Behavior Specifications in Automated Driving10 Sep 2024
- 2024Flow to Rare Events: An Application of Normalizing Flow in Temporal Importance Sampling for Automated Vehicle Validation10 Jul 2024
- 2024Dance of the ADS: Orchestrating Failures through Historically-Informed Scenario Fuzzing5 Jul 2024
12 newest of 32 All 32 (JSON)