mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

A Span-Based Model for Joint Overlapped and Discontinuous Named Entity Recognition

arXiv 2106.14373 ↗First posted 28 Jun 2021cs.CLcited by 33

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Abstract (arXiv)

Research on overlapped and discontinuous named entity recognition (NER) has received increasing attention. The majority of previous work focuses on either overlapped or discontinuous entities. In this paper, we propose a novel span-based model that can recognize both overlapped and discontinuous entities jointly. The model includes two major steps. First, entity fragments are recognized by traversing over all possible text spans, thus, overlapped entities can be recognized. Second, we perform relation classification to judge whether a given pair of entity fragments to be overlapping or succession. In this way, we can recognize not only discontinuous entities, and meanwhile doubly check the overlapped entities. As a whole, our model can be regarded as a relation extraction paradigm essentially. Experimental results on multiple benchmark datasets (i.e., CLEF, GENIA and ACE05) show that our model is highly competitive for overlapped and discontinuous NER.

Key facts. Cited by 33 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 30 of its 62 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 Jun 2021.

Builds on

30 of 62 references.

References · 30

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
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  7. 2016Neural Architectures for Named Entity Recognitioncited by 548
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  9. 2016End-to-end Sequence Labeling via Bi-directional LSTM-CNNs-CRFcited by 341
  10. 2019Entity, Relation, and Event Extraction with Contextualized Span Representationscited by 261
  11. 2019A Unified MRC Framework for Named Entity Recognitioncited by 199
  12. 2018Graph Convolution over Pruned Dependency Trees Improves Relation Extractioncited by 146
18 more
  1. 2019A General Framework for Information Extraction using Dynamic Span Graphscited by 93
  2. 2017Adversarial Multi-task Learning for Text Classificationcited by 91
  3. 2019Attention Guided Graph Convolutional Networks for Relation Extractioncited by 82
  4. 2019Neural Architectures for Nested NER through Linearizationcited by 56
  5. 2019Sequence-to-Nuggets: Nested Entity Mention Detection via Anchor-Region Networkscited by 33
  6. 2020An Effective Transition-based Model for Discontinuous NERcited by 33
  7. 2018Neural Segmental Hypergraphs for Overlapping Mention Recognitioncited by 32
  8. 2019Low-Resource Name Tagging Learned with Weakly Labeled Datacited by 32
  9. 2017Empower Sequence Labeling with Task-Aware Neural Language Modelcited by 28
  10. 2018Design Challenges and Misconceptions in Neural Sequence Labelingcited by 28
  11. 2019Dependency-Guided LSTM-CRF for Named Entity Recognitioncited by 28
  12. 2019Multi-Grained Named Entity Recognitioncited by 19
  13. 2019Merge and Label: A novel neural network architecture for nested NERcited by 17
  14. 2018A Neural Transition-based Model for Nested Mention Recognitioncited by 15
  15. 2019Combining Spans into Entities: A Neural Two-Stage Approach for Recognizing Discontiguous Entitiescited by 15
  16. 2018Labeling Gaps Between Words: Recognizing Overlapping Mentions with Mention Separatorscited by 14
  17. 2018Learning to Recognize Discontiguous Entitiescited by 10
  18. 2018Efficient Dependency-Guided Named Entity Recognitioncited by 5

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 3; 2022: 13; 2023: 9; 2024: 4; 2025: 4.

33 papers.

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  1. 2023Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmapcited by 663
  2. 2023LLMs for Knowledge Graph Construction and Reasoning: Recent Capabilities and Future Opportunitiescited by 97
  3. 2021Unified Named Entity Recognition as Word-Word Relation Classificationcited by 89
  4. 2023LasUIE: Unifying Information Extraction with Latent Adaptive Structure-aware Generative Language Modelcited by 43
  5. 2021Mastering the Explicit Opinion-role Interaction: Syntax-aided Neural Transition System for Unified Opinion Role Labelingcited by 25
  6. 2023Reading Order Matters: Information Extraction from Visually-rich Documents by Token Path Predictioncited by 23
  7. 2021Bottom-Up Constituency Parsing and Nested Named Entity Recognition with Pointer Networkscited by 21
  8. 2022Boundary Smoothing for Named Entity Recognitioncited by 21
  9. 2022Parallel Instance Query Network for Named Entity Recognitioncited by 19
  10. 2022OneEE: A One-Stage Framework for Fast Overlapping and Nested Event Extractioncited by 18
  11. 2022Few-shot Named Entity Recognition with Entity-level Prototypical Network Enhanced by Dispersedly Distributed Prototypescited by 17
  12. 2022Nested Named Entity Recognition as Latent Lexicalized Constituency Parsingcited by 14
21 more
  1. 2022PUnifiedNER: A Prompting-based Unified NER System for Diverse Datasetscited by 10
  2. 2022RuNNE-2022 Shared Task: Recognizing Nested Named Entitiescited by 8
  3. 2022TOE: A Grid-Tagging Discontinuous NER Model Enhanced by Embedding Tag/Word Relations and More Fine-Grained Tagscited by 8
  4. 2023A Survey on Arabic Named Entity Recognition: Past, Recent Advances, and Future Trendscited by 8
  5. 2024ToNER: Type-oriented Named Entity Recognition with Generative Language Modelcited by 8
  6. 2022Entity-to-Text based Data Augmentation for various Named Entity Recognition Taskscited by 6
  7. 2022Jointly Learning Span Extraction and Sequence Labeling for Information Extraction from Business Documentscited by 4
  8. 2023Span-based Named Entity Recognition by Generating and Compressing Informationcited by 3
  9. 2022Win-Win Cooperation: Bundling Sequence and Span Models for Named Entity Recognitioncited by 2
  10. 2023DMNER: Biomedical Entity Recognition by Detection and Matchingcited by 2
  11. 2023Comparison of pipeline, sequence-to-sequence, and GPT models for end-to-end relation extraction: experiments with the rare disease use-casecited by 2
  12. 2024CMNER: A Chinese Multimodal NER Dataset based on Social Mediacited by 2
  13. 2024A Span-based Model for Extracting Overlapping PICO Entities from RCT Publicationscited by 1
  14. 2022Nested Named Entity Recognition as Holistic Structure Parsingcited by 0
  15. 2022Improving Document Image Understanding with Reinforcement Finetuningcited by 0
  16. 2023S2F-NER: Exploring Sequence-to-Forest Generation for Complex Entity Recognitioncited by 0
  17. 2024On Fusing ChatGPT and Ensemble Learning in Discon-tinuous Named Entity Recognition in Health Corporacited by 0
  18. 2025Scaling Graph-Based Dependency Parsing with Arc Vectorization and Attention-Based Refinementcited by 0
  19. 2025Weakly Supervised Fine-grained Span-Level Framework for Chinese Radiology Report Quality Assurancecited by 0
  20. 2025GapDNER: A Gap-Aware Grid Tagging Model for Discontinuous Named Entity Recognitioncited by 0
  21. 2025SEDA: A Self-Adapted Entity-Centric Data Augmentation for Boosting Gird-based Discontinuous NER Modelscited by 0