mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Spatial Dual-Modality Graph Reasoning for Key Information Extraction

arXiv 2103.14470 ↗First posted 26 Mar 2021cs.CVcited by 43

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Key information extraction from document images is of paramount importance in office automation. Conventional template matching based approaches fail to generalize well to document images of unseen templates, and are not robust against text recognition errors. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end Spatial Dual-Modality Graph Reasoning method (SDMG-R) to extract key information from unstructured document images. We model document images as dual-modality graphs, nodes of which encode both the visual and textual features of detected text regions, and edges of which represent the spatial relations between neighboring text regions. The key information extraction is solved by iteratively propagating messages along graph edges and reasoning the categories of graph nodes. In order to roundly evaluate our proposed method as well as boost the future research, we release a new dataset named WildReceipt, which is collected and annotated tailored for the evaluation of key information extraction from document images of unseen templates in the wild. It contains 25 key information categories, a total of about 69000 text boxes, and is about 2 times larger than the existing public datasets. Extensive experiments validate that all information including visual features, textual features and spatial relations can benefit key information extraction. It has been shown that SDMG-R can effectively extract key information from document images of unseen templates, and obtain new state-of-the-art results on the recent popular benchmark SROIE and our WildReceipt. Our code and dataset will be publicly released.

Key facts. Cited by 43 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 28 of its 39 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Mar 2021.

Builds on

28 of 39 references.

References · 28

  1. 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
  2. 2015U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentationcited by 19,604
  3. 2016Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 11,282
  4. 2017Graph Attention Networkscited by 8,854
  5. 2015Fast R-CNNcited by 2,930
  6. 2018Spatial Temporal Graph Convolutional Networks for Skeleton-Based Action Recognitioncited by 1,199
  7. 2015Convolutional Networks on Graphs for Learning Molecular Fingerprintscited by 751
  8. 2017Understanding the Effective Receptive Field in Deep Convolutional Neural Networkscited by 549
  9. 2016Neural Architectures for Named Entity Recognitioncited by 548
  10. 2016Learning Multiagent Communication with Backpropagationcited by 355
  11. 2016End-to-end Sequence Labeling via Bi-directional LSTM-CNNs-CRFcited by 341
  12. 2018Neural Relational Inference for Interacting Systemscited by 339
16 more
  1. 2016Multimodal Compact Bilinear Pooling for Visual Question Answering and Visual Groundingcited by 243
  2. 2018Videos as Space-Time Region Graphscited by 221
  3. 2015Named Entity Recognition with Bidirectional LSTM-CNNscited by 201
  4. 2016Discriminative Embeddings of Latent Variable Models for Structured Datacited by 130
  5. 2016Graph-Structured Representations for Visual Question Answeringcited by 123
  6. 2017Cross-Sentence N-ary Relation Extraction with Graph LSTMscited by 101
  7. 2018Chargrid: Towards Understanding 2D Documentscited by 100
  8. 2019Graph Convolution for Multimodal Information Extraction from Visually Rich Documentscited by 88
  9. 2019BLOCK: Bilinear Superdiagonal Fusion for Visual Question Answering and Visual Relationship Detectioncited by 62
  10. 2017VAIN: Attentional Multi-agent Predictive Modelingcited by 51
  11. 2016Semantic Object Parsing with Graph LSTMcited by 44
  12. 2017Recurrent Attentional Reinforcement Learning for Multi-label Image Recognitioncited by 44
  13. 2018Deep Reasoning with Knowledge Graph for Social Relationship Understandingcited by 44
  14. 2017CloudScan - A configuration-free invoice analysis system using recurrent neural networkscited by 33
  15. 2017Learning Compact Recurrent Neural Networks with Block-Term Tensor Decompositioncited by 33
  16. 2019Fashion Retrieval via Graph Reasoning Networks on a Similarity Pyramidcited by 28

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2021: 1; 2022: 3; 2023: 8; 2024: 9; 2025: 10; 2026: 12.

43 papers.

Sort:

By area:

  1. 2025Detect Anything via Next Point Predictioncited by 66
  2. 2023DocILE Benchmark for Document Information Localization and Extractioncited by 58
  3. 2023Visual Information Extraction in the Wild: Practical Dataset and End-to-end Solutioncited by 54
  4. 2021MMOCR: A Comprehensive Toolbox for Text Detection, Recognition and Understandingcited by 40
  5. 2024DocKylin: A Large Multimodal Model for Visual Document Understanding with Efficient Visual Slimmingcited by 35
  6. 2026LongCat-Next: Lexicalizing Modalities as Discrete Tokenscited by 30
  7. 2024InstructDoc: A Dataset for Zero-Shot Generalization of Visual Document Understanding with Instructionscited by 27
  8. 2024BlueLM-V-3B: Algorithm and System Co-Design for Multimodal Large Language Models on Mobile Devicescited by 25
  9. 2025OCR-Reasoning Benchmark: Unveiling the True Capabilities of MLLMs in Complex Text-Rich Image Reasoningcited by 25
  10. 2023DocParser: End-to-end OCR-free Information Extraction from Visually Rich Documentscited by 19
  11. 2024MMDocBench: Benchmarking Large Vision-Language Models for Fine-Grained Visual Document Understandingcited by 18
  12. 2025Seeing is Believing? Mitigating OCR Hallucinations in Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 12
31 more
  1. 2022Business Document Information Extraction: Towards Practical Benchmarkscited by 11
  2. 2024StrucTexTv3: An Efficient Vision-Language Model for Text-rich Image Perception, Comprehension, and Beyondcited by 11
  3. 2025FS-DAG: Few Shot Domain Adapting Graph Networks for Visually Rich Document Understandingcited by 10
  4. 2023Universal Graph Continual Learningcited by 9
  5. 2024Multimodal Structured Generation: CVPR's 2nd MMFM Challenge Technical Reportcited by 7
  6. 2022TRIE++: Towards End-to-End Information Extraction from Visually Rich Documentscited by 6
  7. 2025Document Intelligence in the Era of Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 5
  8. 2026AIForge-Doc: A Benchmark for Detecting AI-Forged Tampering in Financial and Form Documentscited by 5
  9. 2026Vision as Unified Multimodal Generationcited by 5
  10. 2024"What is the value of {templates}?" Rethinking Document Information Extraction Datasets for LLMscited by 4
  11. 2024Unveiling the Deficiencies of Pre-trained Text-and-Layout Models in Real-world Visually-rich Document Information Extractioncited by 3
  12. 2025Adaptive Markup Language Generation for Contextually-Grounded Visual Document Understandingcited by 3
  13. 2025Toward Real-world Text Image Forgery Localization: Structured and Interpretable Data Synthesiscited by 3
  14. 2026When the Forger Is the Judge: GPT-Image-2 Cannot Recognize Its Own Faked Documentscited by 3
  15. 2023PrIeD-KIE: Towards Privacy Preserved Document Key Information Extractioncited by 2
  16. 2026ChatGPT Images 2.5 on Forgery Tasks: Testing Advertised Improvements Against Known Answerscited by 2
  17. 2022DavarOCR: A Toolbox for OCR and Multi-Modal Document Understandingcited by 1
  18. 2023DONUT-hole: DONUT Sparsification by Harnessing Knowledge and Optimizing Learning Efficiencycited by 1
  19. 2024UNER: A Unified Prediction Head for Named Entity Recognition in Visually-rich Documentscited by 1
  20. 2025Data Metabolism: An Efficient Data Design Schema For Vision Language Modelcited by 1
  21. 2026Enhancing Large Multimodal Models in Key Information Extraction via Scene-Aware Document Synthesiscited by 1
  22. 2026StepX-Edge: An On-Device UI Vision-Language Model via Architecture-Training-Deployment Co-Designcited by 1
  23. 2026AI-generated Images Challenge Visual Trust in High-risk Scenarioscited by 1
  24. 2023AMuRD: Annotated Arabic-English Receipt Dataset for Key Information Extraction and Classificationcited by 0
  25. 2023Lazy-k: Decoding for Constrained Token Classificationcited by 0
  26. 2025Capybara-OMNI: An Efficient Paradigm for Building Omni-Modal Language Modelscited by 0
  27. 2025Neurosymbolic Information Extraction from Transactional Documentscited by 0
  28. 2026Up to 36x Speedup: Mask-based Parallel Inference Paradigm for Key Information Extraction in MLLMscited by 0
  29. 2026OCR-MetaReasoning Benchmark: Evaluating the Meta-Reasoning Ability of MLLMs in Text-Rich Image Understandingcited by 0
  30. 2026Joint Training Is Not Enough: Conditioned Cross-Granularity Training for Multimodal Document Understandingcited by 0
  31. 2026Beyond Natural Images: Rethinking AI-Generated Image Detection in Documentscited by 0