mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

A Century of Portraits: A Visual Historical Record of American High School Yearbooks

arXiv 1511.02575 ↗First posted 9 Nov 2015cs.CVcited by 54

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Abstract (arXiv)

Imagery offers a rich description of our world and communicates a volume and type of information that cannot be captured by text alone. Since the invention of the camera, an ever-increasing number of photographs document our "visual culture" complementing historical texts. But currently, this treasure trove of knowledge can only be analyzed manually by historians, and only at small scale. In this paper we perform automated analysis on a large-scale historical image dataset. Our main contributions are: 1) A publicly-available dataset of 168,055 (37,921 frontal-facing) American high school yearbook portraits. 2) Weakly-supervised data-driven techniques to discover historical visual trends in fashion and identify date-specific visual patterns. 3) A classifier to predict when a portrait was taken, with median error of 4 years for women and 6 for men. 4) A new method for discovering and displaying the visual elements used by the CNN-based date-prediction model to date portraits, finding that they correspond to the tell-tale fashions of each era. Project page can be found at: http://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~shiry/projects/yearbooks/yearbooks.html .

Key facts. Cited by 54 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 9 Nov 2015.

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Citing papers per year: 2021: 6; 2022: 13; 2023: 8; 2024: 9; 2025: 13; 2026: 5.

54 papers.

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  1. 2022Test-Time Training with Masked Autoencoderscited by 208
  2. 2022Learning to Listen: Modeling Non-Deterministic Dyadic Facial Motioncited by 125
  3. 2021Gone Fishing: Neural Active Learning with Fisher Embeddingscited by 88
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  5. 2021Near-Optimal Linear Regression under Distribution Shiftcited by 40
  6. 2022Understanding Gradual Domain Adaptation: Improved Analysis, Optimal Path and Beyondcited by 32
  7. 2024AUFormer: Vision Transformers are Parameter-Efficient Facial Action Unit Detectorscited by 29
  8. 2022Gradual Domain Adaptation without Indexed Intermediate Domainscited by 26
  9. 2022Generalizing to Evolving Domains with Latent Structure-Aware Sequential Autoencodercited by 18
  10. 2023Gradual Domain Adaptation: Theory and Algorithmscited by 18
  11. 2023Adapting to Continuous Covariate Shift via Online Density Ratio Estimationcited by 15
  12. 2024Generalizing across Temporal Domains with Koopman Operatorscited by 12
38 more
  1. 2022Gradual Domain Adaptation via Normalizing Flowscited by 11
  2. 2023Foresee What You Will Learn: Data Augmentation for Domain Generalization in Non-stationary Environmentcited by 11
  3. 2025Monitoring Risks in Test-Time Adaptationcited by 10
  4. 2022What's in a Decade? Transforming Faces Through Timecited by 9
  5. 2021Content-Aware Detection of Temporal Metadata Manipulationcited by 8
  6. 2021Online Continual Adaptation with Active Self-Trainingcited by 8
  7. 2023HyperTime: Hyperparameter Optimization for Combating Temporal Distribution Shiftscited by 8
  8. 2021From Culture to Clothing: Discovering the World Events Behind A Century of Fashion Imagescited by 7
  9. 2024Enhancing Evolving Domain Generalization through Dynamic Latent Representationscited by 6
  10. 2024Temporal Test-Time Adaptation with State-Space Modelscited by 6
  11. 2024Diffusion Models as Data Mining Toolscited by 5
  12. 2021Date Estimation in the Wild of Scanned Historical Photos: An Image Retrieval Approachcited by 4
  13. 2022Unlabeled Data Help: Minimax Analysis and Adversarial Robustnesscited by 4
  14. 2022Algorithms and Theory for Supervised Gradual Domain Adaptationcited by 4
  15. 2023Blind Dates: Examining the Expression of Temporality in Historical Photographscited by 4
  16. 2023Implicit Maximum a Posteriori Filtering via Adaptive Optimizationcited by 4
  17. 2023Label Delay in Online Continual Learningcited by 4
  18. 2022Cost-effective Framework for Gradual Domain Adaptation with Multifidelitycited by 3
  19. 2022A Tour of Visualization Techniques for Computer Vision Datasetscited by 3
  20. 2024Non-stationary Domain Generalization: Theory and Algorithmcited by 3
  21. 2025Temp-SCONE: A Novel Out-of-Distribution Detection and Domain Generalization Framework for Wild Data with Temporal Shiftcited by 3
  22. 2023Minimax Forward and Backward Learning of Evolving Tasks with Performance Guaranteescited by 2
  23. 2022Evolving Domain Generalizationcited by 1
  24. 2024Towards Understanding the Role of Sharpness-Aware Minimization Algorithms for Out-of-Distribution Generalizationcited by 1
  25. 2025Visual Chronicles: Using Multimodal LLMs to Analyze Massive Collections of Imagescited by 1
  26. 2025Incremental Uncertainty-aware Performance Monitoring with Active Labeling Interventioncited by 1
  27. 2025Optimal Empirical Risk Minimization under Temporal Distribution Shiftscited by 1
  28. 2025Self-Training with Dynamic Weighting for Robust Gradual Domain Adaptationcited by 1
  29. 2025Photo Dating by Facial Age Aggregationcited by 1
  30. 2024Progressive Conservative Adaptation for Evolving Target Domainscited by 0
  31. 2024Seq-to-Final: A Benchmark for Tuning from Sequential Distributions to a Final Time Pointcited by 0
  32. 2025SWAT: Sliding Window Adversarial Training for Gradual Domain Adaptationcited by 0
  33. 2025GDO:Gradual Domain Osmosiscited by 0
  34. 2025Mixed-Sample SGD: an End-to-end Analysis of Supervised Transfer Learningcited by 0
  35. 2025Temporal Image Forensics: A Review and Critical Evaluationcited by 0
  36. 2025Temporal Generalization: A Reality Checkcited by 0
  37. 2025CaMiT: A Time-Aware Car Model Dataset for Classification and Generationcited by 0
  38. 2026Tracking Adaptation Time: Metrics for Temporal Distribution Shiftcited by 0

50 most cited of 54 All 54 (JSON)