mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Clinical and biomedical applications

917 papers10 this weekMedium confidence in this grouping: mostly one topic, with blurry edgesMedium confidence in this grouping: mostly one topic, with blurry edges · About

Keywords: medical, clinical, reasoning, medical reasoning, clinical reasoning

Key facts. Clinical and biomedical applications: 917 papers on arXiv since 2022 (data through 7 Oct 2026). 84 of its 917 mapped papers (9%) cite “HuatuoGPT-o1, Towards Medical Complex Reasoning with LLMs” (2024, arXiv 2412.18925). 71 of its 917 mapped papers (8%) cite “MedVLM-R1: Incentivizing Medical Reasoning Capability of Vision-Language Models (VLMs) via Reinforcement Learning” (2025, arXiv 2502.19634). 40 new papers 17 Sep–7 Oct.

What’s new

17 Sep – 7 Oct 2026

40 new papers, 17 Sep – 7 Oct; 10 this week.

  1. This week · 10
  2. Coverage-Aware Reasoning with Medical Tokens for Diagnosis Prediction
  3. DeltaRepresentation: Geometry Supervised Representation Learning of Phenotypes via Counterfactual Reasoning for Medical VLMs
  4. CircuitATLAS: Agentic reasoning over a systems neuroscience knowledge graph for target discovery in circuitopathies
  5. Evidence-Bound Reasoning: Neuro-Semantic Verification of Biomedical AI in Glioblastoma Radiogenomics
  6. Large language models are vulnerable to incidental information in clinical documentation and reasoning
  7. MedCORE: Criteria-Grounded Clinical Reasoning for Interpretable Medical Image Diagnosis
  8. MedZERO: Self-Evolving Agents for Open-Ended Medical Reasoning Through Controlled Knowledge Accumulation
  9. Cite What You Explore: Budget-Aware LLM Reasoning over Medical KGs with Verifiable Evidence
  10. PsyCIDRA: A Dual-Agent Framework for Psychiatric Interviewing and Diagnostic Reasoning
  11. BrainTRACE: Tracing Longitudinal, Multimodal, and Volumetric Evidence in Brain MRI Clinical Reasoning
  12. Earlier · 30
All 40
  1. ARISE: Adaptive Agentic Reasoning with Image-grounded Self-Evaluation for Interpretable IBD Assessment
  2. TCMClinicalReason-Bench: Can Language Models Reason from Pathogenesis to Prescription over Real-World Clinical Cases?
  3. Hindsight-Guided Rationale Distillation for Rare Disease Diagnosis
  4. Latent JEPA: Abstract Future Prediction for Latent Reasoning in Chemistry also fits: Test-time compute and efficient thinking
  5. A rubric landscape for evaluating clinical reasoning in large language models: what exists, what is missing, and what needs to be combined
  6. ASCRIBE: Atomic and Significance-Based Reasoning for Thai Clinical SOAP Note Generation
  7. CineMR: Tool-Integrated Vision-Language Reasoning for Quantitative Cardiac MRI Assessment
  8. GLoC-EHR: Evidence-Cited Clinical Reasoning over Global Context and Local EHR Events
  9. When Do Biological Reasoning Models Use Their Biological Inputs?
  10. A Proposed Rubric for Evaluating Expressed Clinical Reasoning in Large Language Model Responses
  11. Can LLMs Reason Over Long Horizons? An Empirical Evaluation of Context Strategies for Longitudinal Clinical Reasoning
  12. From Given to Gathered Evidence: Agentic Learning for Longitudinal Medical Reasoning
  13. EHR-RobustGym: Benchmarking and Training Agents for Robust Clinical Reasoning
  14. From Image Interpretation to Clinical Reasoning: Upstream Physician-Context-Aware Multimodal Learning with Causal Reinforcement Learning
  15. OmniVCBench: Benchmarking Evidence-Grounded Multimodal Reasoning Towards AI Virtual Cells
  16. SAM Meets VLM: Parameter-Decoupled Full-Parameter Training for Unified Medical Reasoning and Segmentation
  17. From Retrieval to Reasoning: Agentic Mechanism Prediction from Cell Painting Profiles
  18. Training-Free Clinical Reasoning through Medical Ontologies and Cognitive Mapping: A Symbolic-Probabilistic Knowledge Graph Framework
  19. See, Measure, and Reason: Learning Visually Grounded Reasoning in Pathology
  20. GenoMorph: Pathway-Grounded Genomic Disease Reasoning via Adaptive Latent Computation
  21. MedRouter: Demystifying Knowledge Differences Across Medical LLMs for Routing-Based Reasoning
  22. Right Answer, Wrong Reason: Accuracy, Consistency, and Consensus Are Misleading Indicators of LLM Faithfulness in Clinical Decision Support
  23. Enhancing Visual Reasoning in Chest X-Ray Report Generation Using Reinforcement Learning
  24. Structured Reasoning Agentic Framework for Interpretable Critical View of Safety Assessment
  25. ConsultMind:Towards Automated Diagnostic Consultation via Uncertainty-Aware Reasoning
  26. NV-Reason-CT: 3D Visual Language Model for CT Analysis
  27. Syndrome, Synergy, and Safety: Structured Reasoning and Knowledge-Driven Alignment for TCM Prescription Generation
  28. MedRSI: Recursive Self-Improvement for Medical Agents via Clinically Aligned Self-Evolution
  29. Fathom-Vaidya: Advancing Medical Reasoning with Rubric-Based Rewards
  30. M2G-LLM: Enhancing Clinical Prediction via Multimodal Graph Reasoning and LLM Context Injection

Foundations

Most cited by papers here

  1. HuatuoGPT-o1, Towards Medical Complex Reasoning with LLMs2024cited by 84 here
  2. MedVLM-R1: Incentivizing Medical Reasoning Capability of Vision-Language Models (VLMs) via Reinforcement Learning2025cited by 71 here
  3. Med-R1: Reinforcement Learning for Generalizable Medical Reasoning in Vision-Language Models2025cited by 70 here
  4. Lingshu: A Generalist Foundation Model for Unified Multimodal Medical Understanding and Reasoning2025cited by 52 here
  5. MedAgents: Large Language Models as Collaborators for Zero-shot Medical Reasoning2023cited by 46 here

Lineage

The papers this direction builds on, oldest first.

Each paper on the line cites the one before.

  1. 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 267 here
  2. 2022Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 99 here
  3. 2022Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasonerscited by 57 here
  4. 2022ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Modelscited by 53 here
  5. 2023Tree of Thoughts: Deliberate Problem Solving with Large Language Modelscited by 49 here
  6. 2024DeepSeekMath: Pushing the Limits of Mathematical Reasoning in Open Language Modelscited by 159 here
  7. 2025DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learningcited by 210 here
  8. 2025MedVLM-R1: Incentivizing Medical Reasoning Capability of Vision-Language Models (VLMs) via Reinforcement Learningcited by 71 here
  9. 2025Med-R1: Reinforcement Learning for Generalizable Medical Reasoning in Vision-Language Modelscited by 70 here
  10. 2025Lingshu: A Generalist Foundation Model for Unified Multimodal Medical Understanding and Reasoningcited by 52 here
14 more it builds on, not in this chain
  1. 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 74 here
  2. 2022Can large language models reason about medical questions?cited by 35 here
  3. 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 47 here
  4. 2023Self-Refine: Iterative Refinement with Self-Feedbackcited by 30 here
  5. 2023Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Modelcited by 49 here
  6. 2023Let's Verify Step by Stepcited by 28 here
  7. 2023MedAgents: Large Language Models as Collaborators for Zero-shot Medical Reasoningcited by 46 here
  8. 2024OpenAI o1 System Cardcited by 59 here
  9. 2024HuatuoGPT-o1, Towards Medical Complex Reasoning with LLMscited by 84 here
  10. 2024DeepSeek-V3 Technical Reportcited by 54 here
  11. 2025DAPO: An Open-Source LLM Reinforcement Learning System at Scalecited by 31 here
  12. 2025MedReason: Eliciting Factual Medical Reasoning Steps in LLMs via Knowledge Graphscited by 42 here
  13. 2025Qwen3 Technical Reportcited by 147 here
  14. 2025gpt-oss-120b & gpt-oss-20b Model Cardcited by 25 here

The 24 most cited of 1,402.

Browse

30 of 917, ranked 6–35

  1. 6MedReason: Eliciting Factual Medical Reasoning Steps in LLMs via Knowledge Graphs202542
  2. 7Can large language models reason about medical questions?202235
  3. 8MediQ: Question-Asking LLMs and a Benchmark for Reliable Interactive Clinical Reasoning202423
  4. 9Diagnostic Reasoning Prompts Reveal the Potential for Large Language Model Interpretability in Medicine202323
  5. 10MedCoT: Medical Chain of Thought via Hierarchical Expert202422
  6. 11Training a Scientific Reasoning Model for Chemistry202520
  7. 12m1: Unleash the Potential of Test-Time Scaling for Medical Reasoning with Large Language Models202519
  8. 13MedCaseReasoning: Evaluating and learning diagnostic reasoning from clinical case reports202519
  9. 14GMAI-VL-R1: Harnessing Reinforcement Learning for Multimodal Medical Reasoning202518
  10. 15MedAgent-Pro: Towards Evidence-based Multi-modal Medical Diagnosis via Reasoning Agentic Workflow202517
All 30
  1. 16Beyond Chemical QA: Evaluating LLM's Chemical Reasoning with Modular Chemical Operations202517
  2. 17O1 Replication Journey -- Part 3: Inference-time Scaling for Medical Reasoning202516
  3. 18Med-RLVR: Emerging Medical Reasoning from a 3B base model via reinforcement Learning202516
  4. 19Patho-R1: A Multimodal Reinforcement Learning-Based Pathology Expert Reasoner202516
  5. 20Med-PRM: Medical Reasoning Models with Stepwise, Guideline-verified Process Rewards202516
  6. 21Baichuan-M2: Scaling Medical Capability with Large Verifier System202516
  7. 22MedVLThinker: Simple Baselines for Multimodal Medical Reasoning202515
  8. 23Improving Medical Reasoning through Retrieval and Self-Reflection with Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models202415
  9. 24MedS3: Towards Medical Slow Thinking with Self-Evolved Soft Dual-sided Process Supervision202514
  10. 25MedicalAgentsBench for Complex Medical Reasoning: Comparing Internalized Reasoning Models versus Externalized Agent-based Frameworks202514
  11. 26ChestX-Reasoner: Advancing Radiology Foundation Models with Reasoning through Step-by-Step Verification202514
  12. 27MedFrameQA: A Multi-Image Medical VQA Benchmark for Clinical Reasoning202513
  13. 28Beyond Distillation: Pushing the Limits of Medical LLM Reasoning with Minimalist Rule-Based RL202513
  14. 29QoQ-Med: Building Multimodal Clinical Foundation Models with Domain-Aware GRPO Training202513
  15. 30ReasonMed: A 370K Multi-Agent Generated Dataset for Advancing Medical Reasoning202513
  16. 31MMedAgent-RL: Optimizing Multi-Agent Collaboration for Multimodal Medical Reasoning202512
  17. 32EHRAgent: Code Empowers Large Language Models for Few-shot Complex Tabular Reasoning on Electronic Health Records202412
  18. 33Large Language Models are Clinical Reasoners: Reasoning-Aware Diagnosis Framework with Prompt-Generated Rationales202312
  19. 34Improving Medical Reasoning with Curriculum-Aware Reinforcement Learning202511
  20. 35Chiron-o1: Igniting Multimodal Large Language Models towards Generalizable Medical Reasoning via Mentor-Intern Collaborative Search202511