mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

FPD-Drive: Future Policy Distillation for End-to-End Autonomous Driving

arXiv 2610.13232 ↗First posted 9 Oct 2026cs.CVcited by 0

On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → End-to-end system architecture also fits: Imitation-learning end-to-end planners

Abstract (arXiv)

End-to-end autonomous driving models are typically trained on real-world driving logs, which record only the trajectory actually executed in each scene. This provides limited supervision for learning alternative valid behaviors. Multi-target supervision can mitigate this limitation, but broader trajectory coverage makes safe candidate selection more challenging. We propose FPD-Drive, an end-to-end planner that distills privileged future knowledge into a visual driving policy to improve both multi-trajectory supervision and safety selection. Specifically, we introduce Future-Privileged Multi-Target Distillation to transfer diverse, high-quality trajectory targets from a teacher with access to recorded future observations to the student. These targets extend supervision beyond the single recorded human trajectory. For candidate selection, we further introduce Safety-Aware Score Correction to correct ranking errors between nearby safe and unsafe candidates and raise underestimated safety scores of safe candidates. At deployment, the student requires neither future observations nor teacher inference. Our base model achieves 94.9 PDMS on NAVSIM v1 navtest and 55.9 EPDMS on NAVSIM v2 navhard. The scaled FPD-Drive-Pro improves these scores to 95.5 PDMS and 58.1 EPDMS, respectively, achieving SOTA performance among the compared methods on both benchmarks. Zero-shot closed-loop evaluation on HUGSIM further yields an HD-Score of 45.1 and RC of 55.3.

Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in End-to-end system architecture, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 49 of its 50 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Oct 2026.

Builds on

49 of 50 references.

Closest ancestors · 10

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2026SparseDriveV2: Scoring is All You Need for End-to-End Autonomous Driving31 Mar
  2. 2026Driving on Registers8 Jan
  3. 2025ResAD: Normalized Residual Trajectory Modeling for End-to-End Autonomous Driving9 Oct
  4. 2025DistillDrive: End-to-End Multi-Mode Autonomous Driving Distillation by Isomorphic Hetero-Source Planning Model7 Aug
  5. 2025World4Drive: End-to-End Autonomous Driving via Intention-aware Physical Latent World Model1 Jul
  6. 2025End-to-End Driving with Online Trajectory Evaluation via BEV World Model2 Apr
  7. 2024NAVSIM: Data-Driven Non-Reactive Autonomous Vehicle Simulation and Benchmarking21 Jun
  8. 2024Enhancing End-to-End Autonomous Driving with Latent World Model12 Jun
  9. 2023DriveAdapter: Breaking the Coupling Barrier of Perception and Planning in End-to-End Autonomous Driving1 Aug
  10. 2021Multi-Modal Fusion Transformer for End-to-End Autonomous Driving19 Apr

Other references · 39

  1. 2020Denoising Diffusion Implicit Modelscited by 9,781
  2. 2025Qwen3-VL Technical Reportcited by 2,793
  3. 2022Planning-oriented Autonomous Drivingcited by 1,087
  4. 2023VAD: Vectorized Scene Representation for Efficient Autonomous Drivingcited by 622
  5. 2023DriveLM: Driving with Graph Visual Question Answeringcited by 536
  6. 2023DriveGPT4: Interpretable End-to-end Autonomous Driving via Large Language Modelcited by 461
  7. 2019Learning by Cheatingcited by 383
  8. 2024Vista: A Generalizable Driving World Model with High Fidelity and Versatile Controllabilitycited by 347
  9. 2024DiffusionDrive: Truncated Diffusion Model for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 334
  10. 2023Driving into the Future: Multiview Visual Forecasting and Planning with World Model for Autonomous Drivingcited by 319
  11. 2023LMDrive: Closed-Loop End-to-End Driving with Large Language Modelscited by 305
  12. 2024VADv2: End-to-End Vectorized Autonomous Driving via Probabilistic Planningcited by 289
27 more
  1. 2025AutoVLA: A Vision-Language-Action Model for End-to-End Autonomous Driving with Adaptive Reasoning and Reinforcement Fine-Tuningcited by 260
  2. 2024Hydra-MDP: End-to-end Multimodal Planning with Multi-target Hydra-Distillationcited by 249
  3. 2024EMMA: End-to-End Multimodal Model for Autonomous Drivingcited by 231
  4. 2025ReCogDrive: A Reinforced Cognitive Framework for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 198
  5. 2021End-to-End Urban Driving by Imitating a Reinforcement Learning Coachcited by 194
  6. 2025OpenDriveVLA: Towards End-to-end Autonomous Driving with Large Vision Language Action Modelcited by 176
  7. 2025Pseudo-Simulation for Autonomous Drivingcited by 150
  8. 2025Alpamayo-R1: Bridging Reasoning and Action Prediction for Generalizable Autonomous Driving in the Long Tailcited by 146
  9. 2025GoalFlow: Goal-Driven Flow Matching for Multimodal Trajectories Generation in End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 120
  10. 2025Epona: Autoregressive Diffusion World Model for Autonomous Drivingcited by 117
  11. 2024MagicDrive-V2: High-Resolution Long Video Generation for Autonomous Driving with Adaptive Controlcited by 92
  12. 2024HUGSIM: A Real-Time, Photo-Realistic and Closed-Loop Simulator for Autonomous Drivingcited by 90
  13. 2025Generalized Trajectory Scoring for End-to-end Multimodal Planningcited by 67
  14. 2025SimScale: Learning to Drive via Real-World Simulation at Scalecited by 36
  15. 2026Latent-WAM: Latent World Action Modeling for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 33
  16. 2026Drive-JEPA: Video JEPA Meets Multimodal Trajectory Distillation for End-to-End Drivingcited by 30
  17. 2023Coaching a Teachable Studentcited by 19
  18. 2026Devil is in Narrow Policy: Unleashing Exploration in Driving VLA Modelscited by 15
  19. 2026MeanFuser: Fast One-Step Multi-Modal Trajectory Generation and Adaptive Reconstruction via MeanFlow for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 13
  20. 2026CLOVER: Closed-Loop Value Estimation and Ranking for End-to-End Autonomous Driving Planningcited by 11
  21. 2026WA-JEPA: Rethinking the Video JEPA Paradigm for World-Action Modeling in Autonomous Drivingcited by 6
  22. 2026DA-WAM: Decision-Aligned Future Latents for Driving World Modelscited by 5
  23. 2026ChainFlow-VLA: Causal Flow Planning with Vision-Language Modelscited by 4
  24. 2026DriveZero: End-to-End Driving Beyond Human Demonstrationscited by 3
  25. 2026FIRE-VLA: Failure-Informed Self-Evolution for Vision-Language-Action Models in Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
  26. 2026VistaGEN: Consistent Driving Video Generation with Fine-Grained Control Using Multiview Visual-Language Reasoningcited by 1
  27. 2026MM-Future: Multi-Mode Joint World-Action Modeling for Autonomous Drivingcited by 1

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  5. 2026OPTED: On-Policy Fine-Tuning for End-to-End Driving using a Render-Free Teacher
  6. 2026World4Scorer: Outcome-Grounded World Modeling for Autonomous Driving
  7. 2025DriveSuprim: Towards Precise Trajectory Selection for End-to-End Planning
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