DAP: A Discrete-token Autoregressive Planner for Autonomous Driving
On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → Imitation-learning end-to-end planners
Abstract (arXiv)
Gaining sustainable performance improvement with scaling data and model budget remains a pivotal yet unresolved challenge in autonomous driving. While autoregressive models exhibited promising data-scaling efficiency in planning tasks, predicting ego trajectories alone suffers sparse supervision and weakly constrains how scene evolution should shape ego motion. Therefore, we introduce DAP, a discrete-token autoregressive planner that jointly forecasts BEV semantics and ego trajectories, thereby enforcing comprehensive representation learning and allowing predicted dynamics to directly condition ego motion. In addition, we incorporate a reinforcement-learning-based fine-tuning, which preserves supervised behavior cloning priors while injecting reward-guided improvements. Despite a compact 160M parameter budget, DAP achieves state-of-the-art performance on open-loop metrics and delivers competitive closed-loop results on the NAVSIM benchmark. Overall, the fully discrete-token autoregressive formulation operating on both rasterized BEV and ego actions provides a compact yet scalable planning paradigm for autonomous driving.
Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Imitation-learning end-to-end planners, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 43 of its 53 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Nov 2025.
Builds on
43 of 53 references.
Closest ancestors · 8
Same direction, newest first
- 2025EvaDrive: Evolutionary Adversarial Policy Optimization for End-to-End Autonomous Driving5 Aug
- 2025TransDiffuser: Diverse Trajectory Generation with Decorrelated Multi-modal Representation for End-to-end Autonomous Driving14 May
- 2025CarPlanner: Consistent Auto-regressive Trajectory Planning for Large-scale Reinforcement Learning in Autonomous Driving27 Feb
- 2024DriveGPT: Scaling Autoregressive Behavior Models for Driving19 Dec
- 2024DiffusionDrive: Truncated Diffusion Model for End-to-End Autonomous Driving22 Nov
- 2024VADv2: End-to-End Vectorized Autonomous Driving via Probabilistic Planning20 Feb
- 2023DTPP: Differentiable Joint Conditional Prediction and Cost Evaluation for Tree Policy Planning in Autonomous Driving9 Oct
- 2022Imitation Is Not Enough: Robustifying Imitation with Reinforcement Learning for Challenging Driving Scenarios21 Dec
Other references · 35
- 2024DeepSeekMath: Pushing the Limits of Mathematical Reasoning in Open Language Modelscited by 8,851
- 2020Scaling Laws for Neural Language Modelscited by 6,411
- 2017Neural Discrete Representation Learningcited by 4,650
- 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,485
- 2022Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Modelscited by 2,927
- 2022Planning-oriented Autonomous Drivingcited by 1,068
- 2025FAST: Efficient Action Tokenization for Vision-Language-Action Modelscited by 643
- 2023VAD: Vectorized Scene Representation for Efficient Autonomous Drivingcited by 613
- 2021NuPlan: A closed-loop ML-based planning benchmark for autonomous vehiclescited by 485
- 2022TransFuser: Imitation with Transformer-Based Sensor Fusion for Autonomous Drivingcited by 477
- 2023DriveGPT4: Interpretable End-to-end Autonomous Driving via Large Language Modelcited by 455
- 2025WorldVLA: Towards Autoregressive Action World Modelcited by 351
23 more
- 2024NAVSIM: Data-Driven Non-Reactive Autonomous Vehicle Simulation and Benchmarkingcited by 343
- 2025AutoVLA: A Vision-Language-Action Model for End-to-End Autonomous Driving with Adaptive Reasoning and Reinforcement Fine-Tuningcited by 252
- 2024Hydra-MDP: End-to-end Multimodal Planning with Multi-target Hydra-Distillationcited by 244
- 2024SparseDrive: End-to-End Autonomous Driving via Sparse Scene Representationcited by 239
- 2023Parting with Misconceptions about Learning-based Vehicle Motion Planningcited by 238
- 2024EMMA: End-to-End Multimodal Model for Autonomous Drivingcited by 226
- 2022Safety-Enhanced Autonomous Driving Using Interpretable Sensor Fusion Transformercited by 211
- 2025Unified Video Action Modelcited by 195
- 2025ReCogDrive: A Reinforced Cognitive Framework for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 190
- 2025OpenDriveVLA: Towards End-to-end Autonomous Driving with Large Vision Language Action Modelcited by 172
- 2024Enhancing End-to-End Autonomous Driving with Latent World Modelcited by 161
- 2023MotionLM: Multi-Agent Motion Forecasting as Language Modelingcited by 154
- 2025End-to-End Driving with Online Trajectory Evaluation via BEV World Modelcited by 145
- 2025Unified Vision-Language-Action Modelcited by 128
- 2025DriveVLA-W0: World Models Amplify Data Scaling Law in Autonomous Drivingcited by 127
- 2022PlanT: Explainable Planning Transformers via Object-Level Representationscited by 105
- 2021SafetyNet: Safe planning for real-world self-driving vehicles using machine-learned policiescited by 68
- 2025ARTEMIS: Autoregressive End-to-End Trajectory Planning with Mixture of Experts for Autonomous Drivingcited by 66
- 2025Bridging Past and Future: End-to-End Autonomous Driving with Historical Prediction and Planningcited by 48
- 2023Adversarial Preference Optimization: Enhancing Your Alignment via RM-LLM Gamecited by 27
- 2024Generalizing Motion Planners with Mixture of Experts for Autonomous Drivingcited by 22
- 2025Scaling Laws of Motion Forecasting and Planning -- Technical Reportcited by 19
- 2025Generating Multimodal Driving Scenes via Next-Scene Predictioncited by 12
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 4.
4 papers.
- 2026Discrete-WAM: Unified Discrete Vision-Action Token Editing for World-Policy Learningcited by 3
- 2026Intend, Reflect, Refine: An Adaptive Multimodal Reflection Framework for Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
- 2026World Models as Adversaries: Multi-Agent Self-Play Fine-Tuning for Robust Motion Planningcited by 1
- 2026GeoAnchor: Collaborative Reasoning via Latent Decomposition for 3D Spatial Understandingcited by 1
- 2026GeoAnchor: Collaborative Reasoning via Latent Decomposition for 3D Spatial Understanding15 Jul 2026
- 2026World Models as Adversaries: Multi-Agent Self-Play Fine-Tuning for Robust Motion Planning12 Jul 2026
- 2026Intend, Reflect, Refine: An Adaptive Multimodal Reflection Framework for Autonomous Driving22 Jun 2026
- 2026Discrete-WAM: Unified Discrete Vision-Action Token Editing for World-Policy Learning4 Jun 2026
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026Auto-JEPA: A Latent World Model of Continuous Intent for End-to-End Autonomous Driving
- 2024PLUTO: Pushing the Limit of Imitation Learning-based Planning for Autonomous Driving
- 2025LAP: Fast LAtent Diffusion Planner for Autonomous Driving
- 2025Predictive Planner for Autonomous Driving with Consistency Models
- 2026Causality-Aware End-to-End Autonomous Driving via Ego-Centric Joint Scene Modeling
- 2026ProDrive: Proactive Planning for Autonomous Driving via Ego-Environment Co-Evolution
- 2025Map-World: Masked Action planning and Path-Integral World Model for Autonomous Driving
- 2026DA-WAM: Decision-Aligned Future Latents for Driving World Models