mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

RoXDrive: Closed-Loop Reinforcement Learning for End-to-End Autonomous Driving via Action-Faithful Rollouts

arXiv 2609.36851 ↗First posted 29 Sep 2026cs.CVcited by 0

On the map: World models → World models for autonomous driving

also in 3 more
Abstract (arXiv)

End-to-end autonomous driving policies are commonly trained via imitation learning on logged demonstrations without observing the consequences of their own actions, leading to causal confusion in closed-loop real-world deployment. To address this issue, reinforcement learning (RL) post-training offers a promising alternative by leveraging world models as interactive training environments to enable future scene generation for policy improvement. Nevertheless, existing approaches either rely on reconstruction-based simulators, offering limited counterfactual interaction, or adopt synthetic simulators to enable long-horizon closed-loop interaction at the cost of a substantial sim-to-real gap. Recently, video world models have exhibited the ability to generate realistic multi-step future rollouts but may not faithfully reflect action conditions, resulting in action-vision mismatch. In this paper, we introduce RoXDrive, a plug-and-play closed-loop RL framework that enables reliable policy optimization by identifying action-faithful world-model rollouts, consisting of two stages: 1) Model pre-training: In addition to imitation-based policy pre-training, we devise an Action-Vision Faithfulness Evaluator for inverse dynamics estimation with our geometry-aware auxiliary trajectory supervision, enabling long-horizon assessment of whether visual dynamics faithfully reflect the conditioning ego actions. 2) Action-faithful RL post-training: Agents iteratively interact with world models to form long-horizon scene rollouts, retaining only action-faithful ones for dense safety-aware scoring and scene-level closed-loop RL post-training. Extensive experiments on nuScenes and an in-house dataset with over 130K training scenarios demonstrate consistent gains across planners, reducing safety violations by 27.6% with DiffusionDrive on nuScenes and 33.7% with Qwen3-VL on the internal data.

Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in World models for autonomous driving, one of 11 directions in World models. Builds on 32 of its 70 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 29 Sep 2026.

Builds on

32 of 70 references.

Closest ancestors · 9

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2026Uni-World VLA: Interleaved World Modeling and Planning for Autonomous Driving28 Mar
  2. 2026Latent-WAM: Latent World Action Modeling for End-to-End Autonomous Driving25 Mar
  3. 2026X-World: Controllable Ego-Centric Multi-Camera World Models for Scalable End-to-End Driving20 Mar
  4. 2026ResWorld: Temporal Residual World Model for End-to-End Autonomous Driving11 Feb
  5. 2025Latent Chain-of-Thought World Modeling for End-to-End Driving11 Dec
  6. 2025DriveVLA-W0: World Models Amplify Data Scaling Law in Autonomous Driving14 Oct
  7. 2025Epona: Autoregressive Diffusion World Model for Autonomous Driving30 Jun
  8. 2025Raw2Drive: Reinforcement Learning with Aligned World Models for End-to-End Autonomous Driving (in CARLA v2)22 May
  9. 2024Enhancing End-to-End Autonomous Driving with Latent World Model12 Jun

Other references · 23

  1. 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 15,215
  2. 2024DeepSeekMath: Pushing the Limits of Mathematical Reasoning in Open Language Modelscited by 9,379
  3. 2025Qwen2.5-VL Technical Reportcited by 5,587
  4. 2022Flow Straight and Fast: Learning to Generate and Transfer Data with Rectified Flowcited by 3,700
  5. 2025Qwen3-VL Technical Reportcited by 2,793
  6. 2025Wan: Open and Advanced Large-Scale Video Generative Modelscited by 2,708
  7. 2025Gemma 3 Technical Reportcited by 1,824
  8. 2018World Modelscited by 1,513
  9. 2016End to End Learning for Self-Driving Carscited by 1,009
  10. 2025ReCogDrive: A Reinforced Cognitive Framework for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 198
  11. 2025FutureSightDrive: Thinking Visually with Spatio-Temporal CoT for Autonomous Drivingcited by 166
  12. 2026Cosmos 3: Omnimodal World Models for Physical AIcited by 165
11 more
  1. 2025DriveTransformer: Unified Transformer for Scalable End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 126
  2. 2025AlphaDrive: Unleashing the Power of VLMs in Autonomous Driving via Reinforcement Learning and Reasoningcited by 108
  3. 2025RAD: Training an End-to-End Driving Policy via Large-Scale 3DGS-based Reinforcement Learningcited by 79
  4. 2025Generalized Trajectory Scoring for End-to-end Multimodal Planningcited by 67
  5. 2025DiffusionDriveV2: Reinforcement Learning-Constrained Truncated Diffusion Modeling in End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 56
  6. 2025From Forecasting to Planning: Policy World Model for Collaborative State-Action Predictioncited by 33
  7. 2026LaST-VLA: Thinking in Latent Spatio-Temporal Space for Vision-Language-Action in Autonomous Drivingcited by 28
  8. 2026DriveDreamer-Policy: A Geometry-Grounded World-Action Model for Unified Generation and Planningcited by 17
  9. 2026MindDriver: Introducing Progressive Multimodal Reasoning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 10
  10. 2026RAD-2: Scaling Reinforcement Learning in a Generator-Discriminator Frameworkcited by 8
  11. 2026CLEAR: Closed-Loop Reinforcement Learning at Scale for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 2

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  1. 2024From Imitation to Exploration: End-to-end Autonomous Driving based on World Model
  2. 2026DriveZero: End-to-End Driving Beyond Human Demonstrations
  3. 2025Pseudo-Expert Regularized Offline RL for End-to-End Autonomous Driving in Photorealistic Closed-Loop Environments
  4. 2025AD-R1: Closed-Loop Reinforcement Learning for End-to-End Autonomous Driving with Impartial World Models
  5. 2026SimWAM: A Simple World Action Model for End-to-End Autonomous Driving
  6. 2026TerraTransfer: Learning End-to-End Driving Policies Without Expert Demonstrations
  7. 2026PerlAD: Towards Enhanced Closed-loop End-to-end Autonomous Driving with Pseudo-simulation-based Reinforcement Learning
  8. 2026ExploreVLA: Dense World Modeling and Exploration for End-to-End Autonomous Driving