mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

PSPA-Bench: A Personalized Benchmark for Smartphone GUI Agent

arXiv 2603.29318 ↗First posted 31 Mar 2026cs.AIcited by 4

On the map: LLM agents and tool use → GUI and mobile agents

Abstract (arXiv)

Smartphone GUI agents execute tasks by operating directly on app interfaces, offering a path to broad capability without deep system integration. However, real-world smartphone use is highly personalized: users adopt diverse workflows and preferences, challenging agents to deliver customized assistance rather than generic solutions. Existing GUI agent benchmarks cannot adequately capture this personalization dimension due to sparse user-specific data and the lack of fine-grained evaluation metrics. To address this gap, we present PSPA-Bench, the benchmark dedicated to evaluating personalization in smartphone GUI agents. PSPA-Bench comprises over 12,855 personalized instructions aligned with real-world user behaviors across 10 representative daily-use scenarios and 22 mobile apps, and introduces a structure-aware process evaluation method that measures agents' personalized capabilities at a fine-grained level. Through PSPA-Bench, we benchmark 11 state-of-the-art GUI agents. Results reveal that current methods perform poorly under personalized settings, with even the strongest agent achieving limited success. Our analysis further highlights three directions for advancing personalized GUI agents: (1) reasoning-oriented models consistently outperform general LLMs, (2) perception remains a simple yet critical capability, and (3) reflection and long-term memory mechanisms are key to improving adaptation. Together, these findings establish PSPA-Bench as a foundation for systematic study and future progress in personalized GUI agents.

Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in GUI and mobile agents, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 30 of its 39 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 31 Mar 2026.

Builds on

30 of 39 references.

Closest ancestors · 16

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2025FingerTip 20K: A Benchmark for Proactive and Personalized Mobile LLM Agents9 Jun
  2. 2025TransBench: Breaking Barriers for Transferable Graphical User Interface Agents in Dynamic Digital Environments23 May
  3. 2025GUI-explorer: Autonomous Exploration and Mining of Transition-aware Knowledge for GUI Agent22 May
  4. 2025LLM-Powered GUI Agents in Phone Automation: Surveying Progress and Prospects28 Apr
  5. 2025AppAgentX: Evolving GUI Agents as Proficient Smartphone Users4 Mar
  6. 2025UI-TARS: Pioneering Automated GUI Interaction with Native Agents21 Jan
  7. 2025Mobile-Agent-E: Self-Evolving Mobile Assistant for Complex Tasks20 Jan
  8. 2024GUI Agents: A Survey18 Dec
  9. 2024Large Language Model-Brained GUI Agents: A Survey27 Nov
  10. 2024MobileSafetyBench: Evaluating Safety of Autonomous Agents in Mobile Device Control23 Oct
  11. 2024SPA-Bench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for SmartPhone Agent Evaluation19 Oct
  12. 2024Navigating the Digital World as Humans Do: Universal Visual Grounding for GUI Agents7 Oct
4 more
  1. 2024Mobile-Bench: An Evaluation Benchmark for LLM-based Mobile Agents1 Jul
  2. 2024Mobile-Agent-v2: Mobile Device Operation Assistant with Effective Navigation via Multi-Agent Collaboration3 Jun
  3. 2024Understanding the Weakness of Large Language Model Agents within a Complex Android Environment9 Feb
  4. 2023AppAgent: Multimodal Agents as Smartphone Users21 Dec

Other references · 14

  1. 2022ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Modelscited by 8,355
  2. 2023Reflexion: Language Agents with Verbal Reinforcement Learningcited by 4,064
  3. 2023Self-Refine: Iterative Refinement with Self-Feedbackcited by 3,317
  4. 2023MemoryBank: Enhancing Large Language Models with Long-Term Memorycited by 539
  5. 2024AndroidWorld: A Dynamic Benchmarking Environment for Autonomous Agentscited by 450
  6. 2023LaMP: When Large Language Models Meet Personalizationcited by 425
  7. 2023Personalized Soups: Personalized Large Language Model Alignment via Post-hoc Parameter Mergingcited by 271
  8. 2024Two Tales of Persona in LLMs: A Survey of Role-Playing and Personalizationcited by 203
  9. 2023AutoDroid: LLM-powered Task Automation in Androidcited by 178
  10. 2024Optimization Methods for Personalizing Large Language Models through Retrieval Augmentationcited by 98
  11. 2024Aligning LLM Agents by Learning Latent Preference from User Editscited by 66
  12. 2023Explore, Select, Derive, and Recall: Augmenting LLM with Human-like Memory for Mobile Task Automationcited by 57
2 more
  1. 2024Crafting Personalized Agents through Retrieval-Augmented Generation on Editable Memory Graphscited by 38
  2. 2024LLMs + Persona-Plug = Personalized LLMscited by 29

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 4.

4 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2026VenusBench-Mobile: A Challenging and User-Centric Benchmark for Mobile GUI Agents with Capability Diagnostics
  2. 2026APPSim-Bench: Bridging Real-world Apps and Reproducible Evaluation for Mobile GUI Agents
  3. 2026PersonalAlign: Hierarchical Implicit Intent Alignment for Personalized GUI Agent with Long-Term User-Centric Records
  4. 2026MobileBench-OL: A Comprehensive Chinese Benchmark for Evaluating Mobile GUI Agents in Real-World Environment
  5. 2026Same Tasks, Different Apps: Why Mobile GUI Agents Fail to Generalize?
  6. 2025MobiBench: Multi-Branch, Modular Benchmark for Mobile GUI Agents
  7. 2025MMBench-GUI: Hierarchical Multi-Platform Evaluation Framework for GUI Agents
  8. 2026AndroidDaily: A Verifiable Benchmark for Mobile GUI Agents on Real-World Closed-Source Applications