mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

LeVo: High-Quality Song Generation with Multi-Preference Alignment

arXiv 2506.07520 ↗First posted 9 Jun 2025cs.SD cs.AI eess.AScited by 23

On the map: LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation → Preference alignment for recommenders and RAG

Abstract (arXiv)

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) and audio language models have significantly improved music generation, particularly in lyrics-to-song generation. However, existing approaches still struggle with the complex composition of songs and the scarcity of high-quality data, leading to limitations in audio quality, musicality, instruction following, and vocal-instrument harmony. To address these challenges, we introduce LeVo, a language model based framework consisting of LeLM and Music Codec. LeLM is capable of parallel modeling of two types of tokens: mixed tokens, which represent the combined audio of vocals and accompaniment to achieve better vocal-instrument harmony, and dual-track tokens, which separately encode vocals and accompaniment for high-quality song generation. It employs two decoder-only transformers and a modular extension training strategy to prevent interference between different token types. To further enhance musicality and instruction following ability, we introduce a multi-preference alignment method based on Direct Preference Optimization (DPO). This method handles diverse human preferences through a semi-automatic data construction process and post-training. Experimental results demonstrate that LeVo significantly outperforms existing open-source methods in both objective and subjective metrics, while performing competitively with industry systems. Ablation studies further justify the effectiveness of our designs. Audio examples and source code are available at https://levo-demo.github.io and https://github.com/tencent-ailab/songgeneration.

Key facts. Cited by 23 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Preference alignment for recommenders and RAG, one of 10 directions in LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation. Builds on 55 of its 65 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Jun 2025.

Builds on

55 of 65 references.

Closest ancestors · 2

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2024Tango 2: Aligning Diffusion-based Text-to-Audio Generations through Direct Preference Optimization15 Apr
  2. 2024MusicRL: Aligning Music Generation to Human Preferences6 Feb

Other references · 53

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38 more
  1. 2022LaMDA: Language Models for Dialog Applicationscited by 1,218
  2. 2021SoundStream: An End-to-End Neural Audio Codeccited by 756
  3. 2023Neural Codec Language Models are Zero-Shot Text to Speech Synthesizerscited by 737
  4. 2020FastSpeech 2: Fast and High-Quality End-to-End Text to Speechcited by 710
  5. 2021Vector-quantized Image Modeling with Improved VQGANcited by 656
  6. 2022AudioLM: a Language Modeling Approach to Audio Generationcited by 611
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  8. 2020Jukebox: A Generative Model for Musiccited by 535
  9. 2023Simple and Controllable Music Generationcited by 480
  10. 2023MusicLM: Generating Music From Textcited by 442
  11. 2023High-Fidelity Audio Compression with Improved RVQGANcited by 423
  12. 2023AudioLDM 2: Learning Holistic Audio Generation with Self-supervised Pretrainingcited by 343
  13. 2023WhisperX: Time-Accurate Speech Transcription of Long-Form Audiocited by 320
  14. 2023NaturalSpeech 2: Latent Diffusion Models are Natural and Zero-Shot Speech and Singing Synthesizerscited by 233
  15. 2024Fast Timing-Conditioned Latent Audio Diffusioncited by 178
  16. 2017MuseGAN: Multi-track Sequential Generative Adversarial Networks for Symbolic Music Generation and Accompanimentcited by 151
  17. 2022Hybrid Transformers for Music Source Separationcited by 134
  18. 2025Meta Audiobox Aesthetics: Unified Automatic Quality Assessment for Speech, Music, and Soundcited by 129
  19. 2024WavTokenizer: an Efficient Acoustic Discrete Codec Tokenizer for Audio Language Modelingcited by 124
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  21. 2024Codec Does Matter: Exploring the Semantic Shortcoming of Codec for Audio Language Modelcited by 70
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  32. 2024Seed-Music: A Unified Framework for High Quality and Controlled Music Generationcited by 21
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  35. 2024Text-to-Song: Towards Controllable Music Generation Incorporating Vocals and Accompanimentcited by 13
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  38. 2024Accompanied Singing Voice Synthesis with Fully Text-controlled Melodycited by 9

50 most cited of 53 All 53 (JSON)

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 5; 2026: 18.

23 papers.

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  1. 2025DiffRhythm 2: Efficient and High Fidelity Song Generation via Block Flow Matchingcited by 14
  2. 2025JAM: A Tiny Flow-based Song Generator with Fine-grained Controllability and Aesthetic Alignmentcited by 9
  3. 2025Multi-Metric Preference Alignment for Generative Speech Restorationcited by 7
  4. 2026Muse: Towards Reproducible Long-Form Song Generation with Fine-Grained Style Controlcited by 7
  5. 2026SongBench: A Fine-Grained Multi-Aspect Benchmark for Song Quality Assessmentcited by 6
  6. 2025SongPrep: A Preprocessing Framework and End-to-end Model for Full-song Structure Parsing and Lyrics Transcriptioncited by 5
  7. 2026CMI-RewardBench: Evaluating Music Reward Models with Compositional Multimodal Instructioncited by 5
  8. 2026LeVo 2: Stable and Melodious Song Generation via Hierarchical Representation Modeling and Progressive Post-Trainingcited by 4
  9. 2025Towards Hallucination-Free Music: A Reinforcement Learning Preference Optimization Framework for Reliable Song Generationcited by 1
  10. 2026ImmersiveFlow: Stereo-to-7.1.4 spatial audio generation with flow matchingcited by 1
  11. 2026Shao: Scaling Acoustic Token Language Models Toward High-Fidelity Music Generationcited by 1
  12. 2026Anysynth:Zero-Shot Instrument Cloning via In-Context Learning and Asymmetric Hierarchical Guidancecited by 1
11 more
  1. 2026Pushing the Frontier of Full-Song Generation: Hierarchical Autoregressive Planning Meets Flow-Matching Renderingcited by 1
  2. 2026Tutti: Expressive Multi-Singer Synthesis via Structure-Level Timbre Control and Vocal Texture Modelingcited by 0
  3. 2026LoSATok: Low-Dimensional Semantic-Acoustic Tokenizer for Cross-Domain Audio Understanding and Generationcited by 0
  4. 2026SegTune: Structured and Fine-Grained Control for Song Generationcited by 0
  5. 2026Phun-Bench: Evaluating LLMs on Phonological Understanding in Chinesecited by 0
  6. 2026MADB: A Large-Scale Music Aesthetics Dataset with Professional and Multi-Dimensional Annotationscited by 0
  7. 2026MusicMark: A Robust Generative Watermarking Framework for Music Generationcited by 0
  8. 2026WanSong v1.0 Technical Reportcited by 0
  9. 2026MuseCritic: Learning Multi-Aspect Song Rewards through Natural-Language Aesthetic Critiquescited by 0
  10. 2026AURA: Unified Multimodal Framework for Conversational Music Editingcited by 0
  11. 2026EvoAudio: Recursive Self-Improvement for Audio Understandingcited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2026Aligning Language Models for Lyric-to-Melody Generation with Rule-Based Musical Constraints
  2. 2025MR-FlowDPO: Multi-Reward Direct Preference Optimization for Flow-Matching Text-to-Music Generation
  3. 2025Aligning Generative Music AI with Human Preferences: Methods and Challenges
  4. 2025Generative Multi-modal Feedback for Singing Voice Synthesis Evaluation
  5. 2024SongGLM: Lyric-to-Melody Generation with 2D Alignment Encoding and Multi-Task Pre-Training
  6. 2026TuneJury: An Open Metric for Improving Music Generation Preference Alignment
  7. 2026Improving Text-to-Music Generation with Human Preference Rewards
  8. 2025Language Model Mapping in Multimodal Music Learning: A Grand Challenge Proposal