PersuasiveToM: A Benchmark for Evaluating Machine Theory of Mind in Persuasive Dialogues
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Abstract (arXiv)
The ability to understand and predict the mental states of oneself and others, known as the Theory of Mind (ToM), is crucial for effective social scenarios. Although recent studies have evaluated ToM in Large Language Models (LLMs), existing benchmarks focus on simplified settings (e.g., Sally-Anne-style tasks) and overlook the complexity of real-world social interactions. To mitigate this gap, we propose PersuasiveToM, a benchmark designed to evaluate the ToM abilities of LLMs in persuasive dialogues. Our framework contains two core tasks: ToM Reasoning, which tests tracking of evolving desires, beliefs, and intentions; and ToM Application, which assesses the use of inferred mental states to predict and evaluate persuasion strategies. Experiments across eight leading LLMs reveal that while models excel on multiple questions, they struggle with the tasks that need tracking the dynamics and shifts of mental states and understanding the mental states in the whole dialogue comprehensively. Our aim with PersuasiveToM is to allow an effective evaluation of the ToM reasoning ability of LLMs with more focus on complex psychological activities. Our code is available at https://github.com/Yu-Fangxu/PersuasiveToM.
Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 27 of its 56 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 Feb 2025.
Builds on
27 of 56 references.
References · 27
- 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,715
- 2022Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasonerscited by 4,374
- 2019DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lightercited by 4,307
- 2017Deep reinforcement learning from human preferencescited by 3,912
- 2024Gemma 2: Improving Open Language Models at a Practical Sizecited by 1,998
- 2024ChatGLM: A Family of Large Language Models from GLM-130B to GLM-4 All Toolscited by 1,121
- 2024How Johnny Can Persuade LLMs to Jailbreak Them: Rethinking Persuasion to Challenge AI Safety by Humanizing LLMscited by 573
- 2023SOTOPIA: Interactive Evaluation for Social Intelligence in Language Agentscited by 367
- 2023Large Language Models Fail on Trivial Alterations to Theory-of-Mind Taskscited by 292
- 2019Persuasion for Good: Towards a Personalized Persuasive Dialogue System for Social Goodcited by 209
- 2023Understanding Social Reasoning in Language Models with Language Modelscited by 172
- 2023FANToM: A Benchmark for Stress-testing Machine Theory of Mind in Interactionscited by 171
15 more
- 2023Clever Hans or Neural Theory of Mind? Stress Testing Social Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 163
- 2023The Earth is Flat because...: Investigating LLMs' Belief towards Misinformation via Persuasive Conversationcited by 109
- 2023Minding Language Models' (Lack of) Theory of Mind: A Plug-and-Play Multi-Character Belief Trackercited by 95
- 2024MMToM-QA: Multimodal Theory of Mind Question Answeringcited by 85
- 2024SimpleToM: Exposing the Gap between Explicit ToM Inference and Implicit ToM Application in LLMscited by 57
- 2024NegotiationToM: A Benchmark for Stress-testing Machine Theory of Mind on Negotiation Surroundingcited by 51
- 2024MuMA-ToM: Multi-modal Multi-Agent Theory of Mindcited by 51
- 2024UniMS-RAG: A Unified Multi-source Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Personalized Dialogue Systemscited by 38
- 2020Effects of Persuasive Dialogues: Testing Bot Identities and Inquiry Strategiescited by 29
- 2025ToMATO: Verbalizing the Mental States of Role-Playing LLMs for Benchmarking Theory of Mindcited by 21
- 2024Recent Trends in Personalized Dialogue Generation: A Review of Datasets, Methodologies, and Evaluationscited by 20
- 2024Learning Retrieval Augmentation for Personalized Dialogue Generationcited by 18
- 2022Improving Contextual Coherence in Variational Personalized and Empathetic Dialogue Agentscited by 14
- 2025Large Language Models as Theory of Mind Aware Generative Agents with Counterfactual Reflectioncited by 13
- 2022Seamlessly Integrating Factual Information and Social Content with Persuasive Dialoguecited by 11
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 6; 2026: 11.
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- 2026TSRBench: A Comprehensive Multi-task Multi-modal Time Series Reasoning Benchmark for Generalist Modelscited by 18
- 2025ToMAP: Training Opponent-Aware LLM Persuaders with Theory of Mindcited by 12
- 2025Do Large Language Models Have a Planning Theory of Mind? Evidence from MindGames: a Multi-Step Persuasion Taskcited by 9
- 2025InMind: Evaluating LLMs in Capturing and Applying Individual Human Reasoning Stylescited by 2
- 2025MADS: Multi-Agent Dialogue Simulation for Diverse Persuasion Data Generationcited by 2
- 2026Think Thrice Before You Speak: Dual knowledge-enhanced Theory-of-Mind Reasoning for Persuasive Agentscited by 2
- 2025RecToM: A Benchmark for Evaluating Machine Theory of Mind in LLM-based Conversational Recommender Systemscited by 1
- 2026Large Language Models Persuade Without Planning Theory of Mindcited by 1
- 2026Enhancing Persuasive Dialogue Agents by Synthesizing Cross-Disciplinary Communication Strategiescited by 1
- 2026A formal definition and meta-model for a machine theory of mindcited by 1
- 2026MeetingToM: Evaluating Multimodal LLMs on Theory-of-Mind Reasoning in Multi-Party Meetingscited by 1
- 2025S3IT: A Benchmark for Spatially Situated Social Intelligence Testcited by 0
5 more
- 2026CoSToM:Causal-oriented Steering for Intrinsic Theory-of-Mind Alignment in Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026A Model of Multi-turn Human Persuadability Using Probabilistic Belief Tracingcited by 0
- 2026Towards High-Level Semantic Intelligencecited by 0
- 2026ARGUS: Theory-of-Mind Guided Argument Generation with Strategy-Aware Planning and Knowledge Groundingcited by 0
- 2026PerSo: Investigating Facets of LLMs' Social Intelligence in Real-World Persuasion Scenarioscited by 0
- 2026PerSo: Investigating Facets of LLMs' Social Intelligence in Real-World Persuasion Scenarios14 Oct 2026
- 2026ARGUS: Theory-of-Mind Guided Argument Generation with Strategy-Aware Planning and Knowledge Grounding6 Aug 2026
- 2026Towards High-Level Semantic Intelligence27 Jul 2026
- 2026MeetingToM: Evaluating Multimodal LLMs on Theory-of-Mind Reasoning in Multi-Party Meetings21 Jul 2026
- 2026A Model of Multi-turn Human Persuadability Using Probabilistic Belief Tracing3 Jun 2026
- 2026A formal definition and meta-model for a machine theory of mind2 Jun 2026
- 2026Think Thrice Before You Speak: Dual knowledge-enhanced Theory-of-Mind Reasoning for Persuasive Agents21 May 2026
- 2026CoSToM:Causal-oriented Steering for Intrinsic Theory-of-Mind Alignment in Large Language Models11 Apr 2026
- 2026Enhancing Persuasive Dialogue Agents by Synthesizing Cross-Disciplinary Communication Strategies26 Feb 2026
- 2026Large Language Models Persuade Without Planning Theory of Mind19 Feb 2026
- 2026TSRBench: A Comprehensive Multi-task Multi-modal Time Series Reasoning Benchmark for Generalist Models26 Jan 2026
- 2025S3IT: A Benchmark for Spatially Situated Social Intelligence Test23 Dec 2025
5 more
- 2025RecToM: A Benchmark for Evaluating Machine Theory of Mind in LLM-based Conversational Recommender Systems27 Nov 2025
- 2025MADS: Multi-Agent Dialogue Simulation for Diverse Persuasion Data Generation30 Sep 2025
- 2025InMind: Evaluating LLMs in Capturing and Applying Individual Human Reasoning Styles22 Aug 2025
- 2025Do Large Language Models Have a Planning Theory of Mind? Evidence from MindGames: a Multi-Step Persuasion Task22 Jul 2025
- 2025ToMAP: Training Opponent-Aware LLM Persuaders with Theory of Mind29 May 2025
- 2026TSRBench: A Comprehensive Multi-task Multi-modal Time Series Reasoning Benchmark for Generalist Modelscited by 18
- 2025InMind: Evaluating LLMs in Capturing and Applying Individual Human Reasoning Stylescited by 2
- 2026Think Thrice Before You Speak: Dual knowledge-enhanced Theory-of-Mind Reasoning for Persuasive Agentscited by 2
- 2026MeetingToM: Evaluating Multimodal LLMs on Theory-of-Mind Reasoning in Multi-Party Meetingscited by 1
- 2026Towards High-Level Semantic Intelligencecited by 0
- 2026Towards High-Level Semantic Intelligence27 Jul 2026
- 2026MeetingToM: Evaluating Multimodal LLMs on Theory-of-Mind Reasoning in Multi-Party Meetings21 Jul 2026
- 2026Think Thrice Before You Speak: Dual knowledge-enhanced Theory-of-Mind Reasoning for Persuasive Agents21 May 2026
- 2026TSRBench: A Comprehensive Multi-task Multi-modal Time Series Reasoning Benchmark for Generalist Models26 Jan 2026
- 2025InMind: Evaluating LLMs in Capturing and Applying Individual Human Reasoning Styles22 Aug 2025
- 2025ToMAP: Training Opponent-Aware LLM Persuaders with Theory of Mindcited by 12
- 2025Do Large Language Models Have a Planning Theory of Mind? Evidence from MindGames: a Multi-Step Persuasion Taskcited by 9
- 2025RecToM: A Benchmark for Evaluating Machine Theory of Mind in LLM-based Conversational Recommender Systemscited by 1
- 2026Large Language Models Persuade Without Planning Theory of Mindcited by 1
- 2026Enhancing Persuasive Dialogue Agents by Synthesizing Cross-Disciplinary Communication Strategiescited by 1
- 2026A formal definition and meta-model for a machine theory of mindcited by 1
- 2025S3IT: A Benchmark for Spatially Situated Social Intelligence Testcited by 0
- 2026CoSToM:Causal-oriented Steering for Intrinsic Theory-of-Mind Alignment in Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2026A Model of Multi-turn Human Persuadability Using Probabilistic Belief Tracingcited by 0
- 2026ARGUS: Theory-of-Mind Guided Argument Generation with Strategy-Aware Planning and Knowledge Groundingcited by 0
- 2026PerSo: Investigating Facets of LLMs' Social Intelligence in Real-World Persuasion Scenarioscited by 0
- 2026PerSo: Investigating Facets of LLMs' Social Intelligence in Real-World Persuasion Scenarios14 Oct 2026
- 2026ARGUS: Theory-of-Mind Guided Argument Generation with Strategy-Aware Planning and Knowledge Grounding6 Aug 2026
- 2026A Model of Multi-turn Human Persuadability Using Probabilistic Belief Tracing3 Jun 2026
- 2026A formal definition and meta-model for a machine theory of mind2 Jun 2026
- 2026CoSToM:Causal-oriented Steering for Intrinsic Theory-of-Mind Alignment in Large Language Models11 Apr 2026
- 2026Enhancing Persuasive Dialogue Agents by Synthesizing Cross-Disciplinary Communication Strategies26 Feb 2026
- 2026Large Language Models Persuade Without Planning Theory of Mind19 Feb 2026
- 2025S3IT: A Benchmark for Spatially Situated Social Intelligence Test23 Dec 2025
- 2025RecToM: A Benchmark for Evaluating Machine Theory of Mind in LLM-based Conversational Recommender Systems27 Nov 2025
- 2025Do Large Language Models Have a Planning Theory of Mind? Evidence from MindGames: a Multi-Step Persuasion Task22 Jul 2025
- 2025ToMAP: Training Opponent-Aware LLM Persuaders with Theory of Mind29 May 2025
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025Decompose-ToM: Enhancing Theory of Mind Reasoning in Large Language Models through Simulation and Task Decomposition
- 2026DialToM: A Theory of Mind Benchmark for Forecasting State-Driven Dialogue Trajectories
- 2026Theory of Mind and Persuasion Beyond Conversation: Assessing the Capacity of LLMs to Induce Belief States via Planning and Action
- 2024Do LLMs Exhibit Human-Like Reasoning? Evaluating Theory of Mind in LLMs for Open-Ended Responses
- 2026CoMMET: A Psychologically Grounded Benchmark for Evaluating Theory of Mind in Multimodal LLMs
- 2026Beyond Sally-Anne: Evaluating Theory of Mind in LLMs using Epistemic Schelling Points
- 2023Think Twice: Perspective-Taking Improves Large Language Models' Theory-of-Mind Capabilities
- 2025Sentient Agent as a Judge: Evaluating Higher-Order Social Cognition in Large Language Models