Sce2DriveX: A Generalized MLLM Framework for Scene-to-Drive Learning
On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → VLMs for autonomous driving
Abstract (arXiv)
End-to-end autonomous driving, which directly maps raw sensor inputs to low-level vehicle controls, is an important part of Embodied AI. Despite successes in applying Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) for high-level traffic scene semantic understanding, it remains challenging to effectively translate these conceptual semantics understandings into low-level motion control commands and achieve generalization and consensus in cross-scene driving. We introduce Sce2DriveX, a human-like driving chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning MLLM framework. Sce2DriveX utilizes multimodal joint learning from local scene videos and global BEV maps to deeply understand long-range spatiotemporal relationships and road topology, enhancing its comprehensive perception and reasoning capabilities in 3D dynamic/static scenes and achieving driving generalization across scenes. Building on this, it reconstructs the implicit cognitive chain inherent in human driving, covering scene understanding, meta-action reasoning, behavior interpretation analysis, motion planning and control, thereby further bridging the gap between autonomous driving and human thought processes. To elevate model performance, we have developed the first extensive Visual Question Answering (VQA) driving instruction dataset tailored for 3D spatial understanding and long-axis task reasoning. Extensive experiments demonstrate that Sce2DriveX achieves state-of-the-art performance from scene understanding to end-to-end driving, as well as robust generalization on the CARLA Bench2Drive benchmark.
Key facts. Cited by 25 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in VLMs for autonomous driving, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 34 of its 43 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Feb 2025.
Builds on
34 of 43 references.
Closest ancestors · 4
Same direction, newest first
- 2024DriveVLM: The Convergence of Autonomous Driving and Large Vision-Language Models19 Feb
- 2023Talk2BEV: Language-enhanced Bird's-eye View Maps for Autonomous Driving3 Oct
- 2023Language Prompt for Autonomous Driving8 Sep
- 2023VAD: Vectorized Scene Representation for Efficient Autonomous Driving21 Mar
Other references · 30
- 2023BLIP-2: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training with Frozen Image Encoders and Large Language Modelscited by 6,069
- 2019nuScenes: A multimodal dataset for autonomous drivingcited by 4,485
- 2023Improved Baselines with Visual Instruction Tuningcited by 4,362
- 2022Flamingo: a Visual Language Model for Few-Shot Learningcited by 4,337
- 2023MiniGPT-4: Enhancing Vision-Language Understanding with Advanced Large Language Modelscited by 2,689
- 2016Making the V in VQA Matter: Elevating the Role of Image Understanding in Visual Question Answeringcited by 2,498
- 2023Qwen-VL: A Versatile Vision-Language Model for Understanding, Localization, Text Reading, and Beyondcited by 2,179
- 2023PaLM-E: An Embodied Multimodal Language Modelcited by 2,037
- 2014CIDEr: Consensus-based Image Description Evaluationcited by 2,027
- 2019LXMERT: Learning Cross-Modality Encoder Representations from Transformerscited by 1,548
- 2023Video-LLaMA: An Instruction-tuned Audio-Visual Language Model for Video Understandingcited by 1,461
- 2016CLEVR: A Diagnostic Dataset for Compositional Language and Elementary Visual Reasoningcited by 1,445
18 more
- 2023Video-LLaVA: Learning United Visual Representation by Alignment Before Projectioncited by 1,385
- 2022Planning-oriented Autonomous Drivingcited by 1,068
- 2019ActivityNet-QA: A Dataset for Understanding Complex Web Videos via Question Answeringcited by 559
- 2018TVQA: Localized, Compositional Video Question Answeringcited by 463
- 2023DriveGPT4: Interpretable End-to-end Autonomous Driving via Large Language Modelcited by 455
- 2017TGIF-QA: Toward Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Visual Question Answeringcited by 378
- 2023LanguageBind: Extending Video-Language Pretraining to N-modality by Language-based Semantic Alignmentcited by 366
- 2022ST-P3: End-to-end Vision-based Autonomous Driving via Spatial-Temporal Feature Learningcited by 365
- 2023GPT-Driver: Learning to Drive with GPTcited by 344
- 2021ScanQA: 3D Question Answering for Spatial Scene Understandingcited by 340
- 2017Embodied Question Answeringcited by 335
- 2022SQA3D: Situated Question Answering in 3D Scenescited by 303
- 2023NuScenes-QA: A Multi-modal Visual Question Answering Benchmark for Autonomous Driving Scenariocited by 258
- 2024Bench2Drive: Towards Multi-Ability Benchmarking of Closed-Loop End-To-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 250
- 2016Multimodal Compact Bilinear Pooling for Visual Question Answering and Visual Groundingcited by 243
- 2021End-to-end Interpretable Neural Motion Plannercited by 240
- 2024Senna: Bridging Large Vision-Language Models and End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 156
- 2024RAG-Driver: Generalisable Driving Explanations with Retrieval-Augmented In-Context Learning in Multi-Modal Large Language Modelcited by 91
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 15; 2026: 10.
25 papers.
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- 2025ReCogDrive: A Reinforced Cognitive Framework for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 190
- 2025Multimodal Chain-of-Thought Reasoning: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 176
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- 2025From Static to Dynamic: a Survey of Topology-Aware Perception in Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
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- 2026MTDrive: Multi-turn Interactive Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
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- 2026The Blind Spot of Adaptation: Quantifying and Mitigating Forgetting in Fine-tuned Driving Modelscited by 1
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- 2026DriveVer: Lightweight Trajectory Evaluator as Test-Time Verifier for Autonomous Driving1 Jul 2026
- 2026SafeAlign-VLA: A Negative-Enhanced Safe Alignment Framework for Risk-Aware Autonomous Driving19 May 2026
- 2026VECTOR-Drive: Tightly Coupled Vision-Language and Trajectory Expert Routing for End-to-End Autonomous Driving9 May 2026
- 2026The Blind Spot of Adaptation: Quantifying and Mitigating Forgetting in Fine-tuned Driving Models6 Apr 2026
- 2026Unleashing VLA Potentials in Autonomous Driving via Explicit Learning from Failures1 Mar 2026
- 2026From Representational Complementarity to Dual Systems: Synergizing VLM and Vision-Only Backbones for End-to-End Driving11 Feb 2026
- 2026MTDrive: Multi-turn Interactive Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving30 Jan 2026
- 2025Vision-Language-Action Models for Autonomous Driving: Past, Present, and Future18 Dec 2025
- 2025MARS: Multi-Agent Robotic System with Multimodal Large Language Models for Assistive Intelligence3 Nov 2025
13 more
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- 2025From Static to Dynamic: a Survey of Topology-Aware Perception in Autonomous Driving28 Sep 2025
- 2025MTRDrive: Memory-Tool Synergistic Reasoning for Robust Autonomous Driving in Corner Cases25 Sep 2025
- 2025AdaThinkDrive: Adaptive Thinking via Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving17 Sep 2025
- 2025A Survey on Vision-Language-Action Models for Autonomous Driving30 Jun 2025
- 2025A Survey of Multi-sensor Fusion Perception for Embodied AI: Background, Methods, Challenges and Prospects24 Jun 2025
- 2025ReCogDrive: A Reinforced Cognitive Framework for End-to-End Autonomous Driving9 Jun 2025
- 2025DriveRX: A Vision-Language Reasoning Model for Cross-Task Autonomous Driving27 May 2025
- 2025Chain-of-Thought for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Survey and Future Prospects26 May 2025
- 2025DSDrive: Distilling Large Language Model for Lightweight End-to-End Autonomous Driving with Unified Reasoning and Planning8 May 2025
- 2025X-Driver: Explainable Autonomous Driving with Vision-Language Models8 May 2025
- 2025PRIMEDrive-CoT: A Precognitive Chain-of-Thought Framework for Uncertainty-Aware Object Interaction in Driving Scene Scenario8 Apr 2025
- 2025Multimodal Chain-of-Thought Reasoning: A Comprehensive Survey16 Mar 2025
- 2025Multimodal Chain-of-Thought Reasoning: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 176
- 2025AdaThinkDrive: Adaptive Thinking via Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 57
- 2025From Perception to Cognition: A Survey of Vision-Language Interactive Reasoning in Multimodal Large Language Modelscited by 26
- 2025DSDrive: Distilling Large Language Model for Lightweight End-to-End Autonomous Driving with Unified Reasoning and Planningcited by 17
- 2025Chain-of-Thought for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Survey and Future Prospectscited by 12
- 2025MTRDrive: Memory-Tool Synergistic Reasoning for Robust Autonomous Driving in Corner Casescited by 9
- 2025DriveRX: A Vision-Language Reasoning Model for Cross-Task Autonomous Drivingcited by 5
- 2025PRIMEDrive-CoT: A Precognitive Chain-of-Thought Framework for Uncertainty-Aware Object Interaction in Driving Scene Scenariocited by 3
- 2026Reasoning to Regulate: Chain-of-Thought for Traffic Rule Understandingcited by 0
- 2026Reasoning to Regulate: Chain-of-Thought for Traffic Rule Understanding27 Jul 2026
- 2025From Perception to Cognition: A Survey of Vision-Language Interactive Reasoning in Multimodal Large Language Models29 Sep 2025
- 2025MTRDrive: Memory-Tool Synergistic Reasoning for Robust Autonomous Driving in Corner Cases25 Sep 2025
- 2025AdaThinkDrive: Adaptive Thinking via Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving17 Sep 2025
- 2025DriveRX: A Vision-Language Reasoning Model for Cross-Task Autonomous Driving27 May 2025
- 2025Chain-of-Thought for Autonomous Driving: A Comprehensive Survey and Future Prospects26 May 2025
- 2025DSDrive: Distilling Large Language Model for Lightweight End-to-End Autonomous Driving with Unified Reasoning and Planning8 May 2025
- 2025PRIMEDrive-CoT: A Precognitive Chain-of-Thought Framework for Uncertainty-Aware Object Interaction in Driving Scene Scenario8 Apr 2025
- 2025Multimodal Chain-of-Thought Reasoning: A Comprehensive Survey16 Mar 2025
- 2025ReCogDrive: A Reinforced Cognitive Framework for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 190
- 2025A Survey on Vision-Language-Action Models for Autonomous Drivingcited by 72
- 2025X-Driver: Explainable Autonomous Driving with Vision-Language Modelscited by 9
- 2026From Representational Complementarity to Dual Systems: Synergizing VLM and Vision-Only Backbones for End-to-End Drivingcited by 1
- 2026The Blind Spot of Adaptation: Quantifying and Mitigating Forgetting in Fine-tuned Driving Modelscited by 1
- 2025MARS: Multi-Agent Robotic System with Multimodal Large Language Models for Assistive Intelligencecited by 0
- 2026The Blind Spot of Adaptation: Quantifying and Mitigating Forgetting in Fine-tuned Driving Models6 Apr 2026
- 2026From Representational Complementarity to Dual Systems: Synergizing VLM and Vision-Only Backbones for End-to-End Driving11 Feb 2026
- 2025MARS: Multi-Agent Robotic System with Multimodal Large Language Models for Assistive Intelligence3 Nov 2025
- 2025A Survey on Vision-Language-Action Models for Autonomous Driving30 Jun 2025
- 2025ReCogDrive: A Reinforced Cognitive Framework for End-to-End Autonomous Driving9 Jun 2025
- 2025X-Driver: Explainable Autonomous Driving with Vision-Language Models8 May 2025
- 2025From Static to Dynamic: a Survey of Topology-Aware Perception in Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
- 2026SafeAlign-VLA: A Negative-Enhanced Safe Alignment Framework for Risk-Aware Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
- 2026MTDrive: Multi-turn Interactive Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
- 2026DriveVer: Lightweight Trajectory Evaluator as Test-Time Verifier for Autonomous Drivingcited by 1
- 2026DriveVer: Lightweight Trajectory Evaluator as Test-Time Verifier for Autonomous Driving1 Jul 2026
- 2026SafeAlign-VLA: A Negative-Enhanced Safe Alignment Framework for Risk-Aware Autonomous Driving19 May 2026
- 2026MTDrive: Multi-turn Interactive Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving30 Jan 2026
- 2025From Static to Dynamic: a Survey of Topology-Aware Perception in Autonomous Driving28 Sep 2025
- 2025Vision-Language-Action Models for Autonomous Driving: Past, Present, and Futurecited by 32
- 2026Unleashing VLA Potentials in Autonomous Driving via Explicit Learning from Failurescited by 17
- 2026VECTOR-Drive: Tightly Coupled Vision-Language and Trajectory Expert Routing for End-to-End Autonomous Drivingcited by 0
- 2026VECTOR-Drive: Tightly Coupled Vision-Language and Trajectory Expert Routing for End-to-End Autonomous Driving9 May 2026
- 2026Unleashing VLA Potentials in Autonomous Driving via Explicit Learning from Failures1 Mar 2026
- 2025Vision-Language-Action Models for Autonomous Driving: Past, Present, and Future18 Dec 2025
- 2025A Survey of Multi-sensor Fusion Perception for Embodied AI: Background, Methods, Challenges and Prospectscited by 5
- 2026Antigen-specific Antibody Multi-modal Foundation Model for Functional Antibody Designcited by 0
- 2026Do Unified Multimodal Models Think in One Space? A Lens Through Cross-Branch Steeringcited by 0
- 2026Do Unified Multimodal Models Think in One Space? A Lens Through Cross-Branch Steering29 Jul 2026
- 2026Antigen-specific Antibody Multi-modal Foundation Model for Functional Antibody Design22 Jul 2026
- 2025A Survey of Multi-sensor Fusion Perception for Embodied AI: Background, Methods, Challenges and Prospects24 Jun 2025
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