mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

CoD, Towards an Interpretable Medical Agent using Chain of Diagnosis

arXiv 2407.13301 ↗First posted 18 Jul 2024cs.CL cs.AI cs.LGcited by 43

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Abstract (arXiv)

The field of medical diagnosis has undergone a significant transformation with the advent of large language models (LLMs), yet the challenges of interpretability within these models remain largely unaddressed. This study introduces Chain-of-Diagnosis (CoD) to enhance the interpretability of LLM-based medical diagnostics. CoD transforms the diagnostic process into a diagnostic chain that mirrors a physician's thought process, providing a transparent reasoning pathway. Additionally, CoD outputs the disease confidence distribution to ensure transparency in decision-making. This interpretability makes model diagnostics controllable and aids in identifying critical symptoms for inquiry through the entropy reduction of confidences. With CoD, we developed DiagnosisGPT, capable of diagnosing 9604 diseases. Experimental results demonstrate that DiagnosisGPT outperforms other LLMs on diagnostic benchmarks. Moreover, DiagnosisGPT provides interpretability while ensuring controllability in diagnostic rigor.

Key facts. Cited by 43 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 33 of its 55 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Jul 2024.

Builds on

33 of 55 references.

References · 33

  1. 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,302
  2. 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,049
  3. 2022ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Modelscited by 8,355
  4. 2020Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answeringcited by 3,779
  5. 2024Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of contextcited by 3,175
  6. 2023Tree of Thoughts: Deliberate Problem Solving with Large Language Modelscited by 3,155
  7. 2023A Survey on Hallucination in Large Language Models: Principles, Taxonomy, Challenges, and Open Questionscited by 1,582
  8. 2020What Disease does this Patient Have? A Large-scale Open Domain Question Answering Dataset from Medical Examscited by 1,324
  9. 2024Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technologycited by 889
  10. 2023Graph of Thoughts: Solving Elaborate Problems with Large Language Modelscited by 873
  11. 2024Yi: Open Foundation Models by 01.AIcited by 706
  12. 2021ERNIE 3.0: Large-scale Knowledge Enhanced Pre-training for Language Understanding and Generationcited by 258
21 more
  1. 2023HuatuoGPT, towards Taming Language Model to Be a Doctorcited by 211
  2. 2024HuatuoGPT-Vision, Towards Injecting Medical Visual Knowledge into Multimodal LLMs at Scalecited by 194
  3. 2020MedDialog: Two Large-scale Medical Dialogue Datasetscited by 157
  4. 2021Optimizing Dense Retrieval Model Training with Hard Negativescited by 154
  5. 2023DoctorGLM: Fine-tuning your Chinese Doctor is not a Herculean Taskcited by 130
  6. 2023HuatuoGPT-II, One-stage Training for Medical Adaption of LLMscited by 91
  7. 2022DDXPlus: A New Dataset For Automatic Medical Diagnosiscited by 87
  8. 2023OVM, Outcome-supervised Value Models for Planning in Mathematical Reasoningcited by 84
  9. 2023Diagnostic Reasoning Prompts Reveal the Potential for Large Language Model Interpretability in Medicinecited by 83
  10. 2019End-to-End Knowledge-Routed Relational Dialogue System for Automatic Diagnosiscited by 70
  11. 2024Apollo: A Lightweight Multilingual Medical LLM towards Democratizing Medical AI to 6B Peoplecited by 38
  12. 2024Uncertainty of Thoughts: Uncertainty-Aware Planning Enhances Information Seeking in Large Language Modelscited by 37
  13. 2022Augmenting Interpretable Models with LLMs during Trainingcited by 36
  14. 2023Phoenix: Democratizing ChatGPT across Languagescited by 32
  15. 2024Exploring Autonomous Agents through the Lens of Large Language Models: A Reviewcited by 30
  16. 2021Diaformer: Automatic Diagnosis via Symptoms Sequence Generationcited by 19
  17. 2021Efficient Symptom Inquiring and Diagnosis via Adaptive Alignment of Reinforcement Learning and Classificationcited by 12
  18. 2021Imperfect also Deserves Reward: Multi-Level and Sequential Reward Modeling for Better Dialog Managementcited by 6
  19. 2022SeDR: Segment Representation Learning for Long Documents Dense Retrievalcited by 6
  20. 2024LLMs Could Autonomously Learn Without External Supervisioncited by 6
  21. 2024LLMs for Doctors: Leveraging Medical LLMs to Assist Doctors, Not Replace Themcited by 5

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 4; 2025: 27; 2026: 12.

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  1. 2024HuatuoGPT-o1, Towards Medical Complex Reasoning with LLMscited by 257
  2. 2025From LLM Reasoning to Autonomous AI Agents: A Comprehensive Reviewcited by 146
  3. 2025MedReason: Eliciting Factual Medical Reasoning Steps in LLMs via Knowledge Graphscited by 105
  4. 2025A Survey of LLM-Driven AI Agent Communication: Protocols, Security Risks, and Defense Countermeasurescited by 54
  5. 2025Beyond Distillation: Pushing the Limits of Medical LLM Reasoning with Minimalist Rule-Based RLcited by 34
  6. 2025MEDDxAgent: A Unified Modular Agent Framework for Explainable Automatic Differential Diagnosiscited by 23
  7. 2025Citrus: Leveraging Expert Cognitive Pathways in a Medical Language Model for Advanced Medical Decision Supportcited by 16
  8. 2024Medchain: Bridging the Gap Between LLM Agents and Clinical Practice with Interactive Sequencecited by 15
  9. 2024Towards Next-Generation Medical Agent: How o1 is Reshaping Decision-Making in Medical Scenarioscited by 10
  10. 2025End-to-End Agentic RAG System Training for Traceable Diagnostic Reasoningcited by 10
  11. 2026Evolving Medical Imaging Agents via Experience-driven Self-skill Discoverycited by 10
  12. 2025CXRAgent: Director-Orchestrated Multi-Stage Reasoning for Chest X-Ray Interpretationcited by 7
31 more
  1. 2025CLINIC: Evaluating Multilingual Trustworthiness in Language Models for Healthcarecited by 7
  2. 2025MedKGI: Iterative Differential Diagnosis with Medical Knowledge Graphs and Information-Guided Inquiringcited by 7
  3. 2025Reasoning LLMs in the Medical Domain: A Literature Surveycited by 5
  4. 2025Inflated Excellence or True Performance? Rethinking Medical Diagnostic Benchmarks with Dynamic Evaluationcited by 5
  5. 2025Self-Regularization with Sparse Autoencoders for Controllable LLM-based Classificationcited by 4
  6. 2025SIRI-Bench: Challenging VLMs' Spatial Intelligence through Complex Reasoning Taskscited by 4
  7. 2026Guideline-Grounded Evidence Accumulation for High-Stakes Agent Verificationcited by 4
  8. 2025MEDEQUALQA: Evaluating Biases in LLMs with Counterfactual Reasoningcited by 3
  9. 2024Data to Defense: The Role of Curation in Customizing LLMs Against Jailbreaking Attackscited by 2
  10. 2025Fact or Guesswork? Evaluating Large Language Models' Medical Knowledge with Structured One-Hop Judgmentscited by 2
  11. 2025MedRepBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Medical Report Interpretationcited by 2
  12. 2025CLARITY: Clinical Assistant for Routing, Inference, and Triagecited by 2
  13. 2025Knowledge-Augmented Long-CoT Generation for Complex Biomolecular Reasoningcited by 2
  14. 2026EMSDialog: Synthetic Multi-person Emergency Medical Service Dialogue Generation from Electronic Patient Care Reports via Multi-LLM Agentscited by 2
  15. 2026MedAction: Towards Active Multi-turn Clinical Diagnostic LLMscited by 2
  16. 2025DDO: Dual-Decision Optimization for LLM-Based Medical Consultation via Multi-Agent Collaborationcited by 1
  17. 2025RAD: Towards Trustworthy Retrieval-Augmented Multi-modal Clinical Diagnosiscited by 1
  18. 2025Beyond MedQA: Towards Real-world Clinical Decision Making in the Era of LLMscited by 1
  19. 2026ClinicalReTrial: Clinical Trial Redesign with Self-Evolving Agentscited by 1
  20. 2026Game of Thought: Robust Information Seeking with Large Language Models Using Game Theorycited by 1
  21. 2026MIND: Unified Inquiry and Diagnosis RL with Criteria Grounded Clinical Supports for Psychiatric Consultationcited by 1
  22. 2025Do LLMs Triage Like Clinicians? A Dynamic Study of Outpatient Referralcited by 0
  23. 2025ControlMed: Adding Reasoning Control to Medical Language Modelcited by 0
  24. 2025GraphMed-LT: Patient-Specific Graph Memory with Latent Clinical Thought Refinement for Multi-Turn Medical Conversationscited by 0
  25. 2025Medical Interpretability and Knowledge Maps of Large Language Modelscited by 0
  26. 2025Socratic Students: Teaching Language Models to Learn by Asking Questionscited by 0
  27. 2026Think Like a Doctor: Conversational Diagnosis through the Exploration of Diagnostic Knowledge Graphscited by 0
  28. 2026Arbor: A Framework for Reliable Navigation of Critical Conversation Flowscited by 0
  29. 2026Story2Proposal: A Scaffold for Structured Scientific Paper Writingcited by 0
  30. 2026CAREAgent: Clinical Agent with Structured Reasoning and Tool-Integrated for Order Generationcited by 0
  31. 2026ClinicalMC: A Benchmark for Multi-Course Clinical Decision-Making with Large Language Modelscited by 0

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  1. 2026Social Chain of Thought: A Multi-Agent Architecture Grounded in Medical Differential Diagnosis Methodology
  2. 2023Large Language Models Perform Diagnostic Reasoning
  3. 2026MedCollab: IBIS-Guided Multi-Agent Collaboration with Hierarchical Disease Relation Chains for Clinical Diagnosis
  4. 2025ClinicalGPT-R1: Pushing reasoning capability of generalist disease diagnosis with large language model
  5. 2024KG4Diagnosis: A Hierarchical Multi-Agent LLM Framework with Knowledge Graph Enhancement for Medical Diagnosis
  6. 2026GraphDx: A Cost-Aware Knowledge-Enhanced Multi-Agent Framework for Sequential Diagnosis
  7. 2025MAM: Modular Multi-Agent Framework for Multi-Modal Medical Diagnosis via Role-Specialized Collaboration
  8. 2026VeriLLMed: Interactive Visual Debugging of Medical Large Language Models with Knowledge Graphs