Learning to Make Keypoints Sub-Pixel Accurate
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Abstract (arXiv)
This work addresses the challenge of sub-pixel accuracy in detecting 2D local features, a cornerstone problem in computer vision. Despite the advancements brought by neural network-based methods like SuperPoint and ALIKED, these modern approaches lag behind classical ones such as SIFT in keypoint localization accuracy due to their lack of sub-pixel precision. We propose a novel network that enhances any detector with sub-pixel precision by learning an offset vector for detected features, thereby eliminating the need for designing specialized sub-pixel accurate detectors. This optimization directly minimizes test-time evaluation metrics like relative pose error. Through extensive testing with both nearest neighbors matching and the recent LightGlue matcher across various real-world datasets, our method consistently outperforms existing methods in accuracy. Moreover, it adds only around 7 ms to the time of a particular detector. The code is available at https://github.com/KimSinjeong/keypt2subpx .
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 45 of its 81 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 16 Jul 2024.
Builds on
45 of 81 references.
References · 45
- 2017ScanNet: Richly-annotated 3D Reconstructions of Indoor Scenescited by 3,088
- 2019SuperGlue: Learning Feature Matching with Graph Neural Networkscited by 1,437
- 2015Spatial Transformer Networkscited by 1,423
- 2017SuperPoint: Self-Supervised Interest Point Detection and Descriptioncited by 1,313
- 2015ORB-SLAM: a Versatile and Accurate Monocular SLAM Systemcited by 983
- 2021LoFTR: Detector-Free Local Feature Matching with Transformerscited by 974
- 2016ORB-SLAM2: an Open-Source SLAM System for Monocular, Stereo and RGB-D Camerascited by 801
- 2018MegaDepth: Learning Single-View Depth Prediction from Internet Photoscited by 731
- 2023LightGlue: Local Feature Matching at Light Speedcited by 583
- 2020DISK: Learning local features with policy gradientcited by 310
- 2016LIFT: Learned Invariant Feature Transformcited by 305
- 2017HPatches: A benchmark and evaluation of handcrafted and learned local descriptorscited by 261
33 more
- 2016Large-Scale Image Retrieval with Attentive Deep Local Featurescited by 238
- 2020Image Matching across Wide Baselines: From Paper to Practicecited by 224
- 2017Working hard to know your neighbor's margins: Local descriptor learning losscited by 212
- 2019R2D2: Repeatable and Reliable Detector and Descriptorcited by 206
- 2021Pixel-Perfect Structure-from-Motion with Featuremetric Refinementcited by 199
- 2017Learning to Find Good Correspondencescited by 176
- 2019MAGSAC++, a fast, reliable and accurate robust estimatorcited by 160
- 2018LF-Net: Learning Local Features from Imagescited by 151
- 2019Learning Two-View Correspondences and Geometry Using Order-Aware Networkcited by 148
- 2017Graph-Cut RANSACcited by 133
- 2019SOSNet: Second Order Similarity Regularization for Local Descriptor Learningcited by 131
- 2019Neural-Guided RANSAC: Learning Where to Sample Model Hypothesescited by 129
- 2020ASLFeat: Learning Local Features of Accurate Shape and Localizationcited by 129
- 2023ALIKED: A Lighter Keypoint and Descriptor Extraction Network via Deformable Transformationcited by 120
- 2019Key.Net: Keypoint Detection by Handcrafted and Learned CNN Filterscited by 117
- 2024XFeat: Accelerated Features for Lightweight Image Matchingcited by 113
- 2016Universal Correspondence Networkcited by 82
- 2018Discovery of Latent 3D Keypoints via End-to-end Geometric Reasoningcited by 79
- 2021ALIKE: Accurate and Lightweight Keypoint Detection and Descriptor Extractioncited by 77
- 2023GlueStick: Robust Image Matching by Sticking Points and Lines Togethercited by 65
- 2023DeDoDe: Detect, Don't Describe -- Describe, Don't Detect for Local Feature Matchingcited by 62
- 2017Repeatability Is Not Enough: Learning Affine Regions via Discriminabilitycited by 57
- 2019GIFT: Learning Transformation-Invariant Dense Visual Descriptors via Group CNNscited by 47
- 2021Progressive Correspondence Pruning by Consensus Learningcited by 46
- 2019Reinforced Feature Points: Optimizing Feature Detection and Description for a High-Level Taskcited by 39
- 2024DeDoDe v2: Analyzing and Improving the DeDoDe Keypoint Detectorcited by 38
- 2020D2D: Keypoint Extraction with Describe to Detect Approachcited by 34
- 2022Generalized Differentiable RANSACcited by 30
- 2020Deep Keypoint-Based Camera Pose Estimation with Geometric Constraintscited by 29
- 2022Self-Supervised Equivariant Learning for Oriented Keypoint Detectioncited by 26
- 2023Learning Rotation-Equivariant Features for Visual Correspondencecited by 23
- 2022End2End Multi-View Feature Matching with Differentiable Pose Optimizationcited by 19
- 2020HDD-Net: Hybrid Detector Descriptor with Mutual Interactive Learningcited by 13
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 2; 2025: 4; 2026: 7.
13 papers.
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- 2025Alligat0R: Pre-Training Through Co-Visibility Segmentation for Relative Camera Pose Regressioncited by 10
- 2025RUBIK: A Structured Benchmark for Image Matching across Geometric Challengescited by 8
- 2025EDM: Efficient Deep Feature Matchingcited by 7
- 2025Deep Learning Reforms Image Matching: A Survey and Outlookcited by 7
- 2024Image Matching Filtering and Refinement by Planes and Beyondcited by 5
- 2024Mismatched: Evaluating the Limits of Image Matching Approaches and Benchmarkscited by 4
- 2026Revisiting Cross-View Completion: Self-Supervised Pre-Training via Reconstruction Error Comparisoncited by 1
- 2026XRefine: Attention-Guided Keypoint Match Refinementcited by 0
- 2026Coarse-to-Fine Non-rigid Multi-modal Image Registration for Historical Panel Paintings based on Crack Structurescited by 0
- 2026From Pairs to Sequences: Track-Aware Policy Gradients for Keypoint Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Accuracy potential of visual localization exploiting high-end street-level imagerycited by 0
- 2026Robust RPC Bundle Adjustment for Multi-Date Satellite Imagery with Season-Invariant Correspondencescited by 0
- 2026Revisiting Cross-View Completion: Self-Supervised Pre-Training via Reconstruction Error Comparison1 Sep 2026
- 2026Gravity-aware partially calibrated absolute pose estimation from affine- or rotation-covariant features20 Aug 2026
- 2026Robust RPC Bundle Adjustment for Multi-Date Satellite Imagery with Season-Invariant Correspondences29 Jul 2026
- 2026Accuracy potential of visual localization exploiting high-end street-level imagery27 Jul 2026
- 2026From Pairs to Sequences: Track-Aware Policy Gradients for Keypoint Detection24 Feb 2026
- 2026Coarse-to-Fine Non-rigid Multi-modal Image Registration for Historical Panel Paintings based on Crack Structures22 Jan 2026
- 2026XRefine: Attention-Guided Keypoint Match Refinement18 Jan 2026
- 2025Deep Learning Reforms Image Matching: A Survey and Outlook5 Jun 2025
- 2025Alligat0R: Pre-Training Through Co-Visibility Segmentation for Relative Camera Pose Regression10 Mar 2025
- 2025EDM: Efficient Deep Feature Matching7 Mar 2025
- 2025RUBIK: A Structured Benchmark for Image Matching across Geometric Challenges27 Feb 2025
- 2024Image Matching Filtering and Refinement by Planes and Beyond14 Nov 2024
1 more
- 2025Alligat0R: Pre-Training Through Co-Visibility Segmentation for Relative Camera Pose Regressioncited by 10
- 2025RUBIK: A Structured Benchmark for Image Matching across Geometric Challengescited by 8
- 2025EDM: Efficient Deep Feature Matchingcited by 7
- 2025Deep Learning Reforms Image Matching: A Survey and Outlookcited by 7
- 2024Image Matching Filtering and Refinement by Planes and Beyondcited by 5
- 2024Mismatched: Evaluating the Limits of Image Matching Approaches and Benchmarkscited by 4
- 2026Revisiting Cross-View Completion: Self-Supervised Pre-Training via Reconstruction Error Comparisoncited by 1
- 2026XRefine: Attention-Guided Keypoint Match Refinementcited by 0
- 2026Coarse-to-Fine Non-rigid Multi-modal Image Registration for Historical Panel Paintings based on Crack Structurescited by 0
- 2026From Pairs to Sequences: Track-Aware Policy Gradients for Keypoint Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Accuracy potential of visual localization exploiting high-end street-level imagerycited by 0
- 2026Robust RPC Bundle Adjustment for Multi-Date Satellite Imagery with Season-Invariant Correspondencescited by 0
12 most cited of 13 All 13 (JSON)
- 2026Revisiting Cross-View Completion: Self-Supervised Pre-Training via Reconstruction Error Comparison1 Sep 2026
- 2026Gravity-aware partially calibrated absolute pose estimation from affine- or rotation-covariant features20 Aug 2026
- 2026Robust RPC Bundle Adjustment for Multi-Date Satellite Imagery with Season-Invariant Correspondences29 Jul 2026
- 2026Accuracy potential of visual localization exploiting high-end street-level imagery27 Jul 2026
- 2026From Pairs to Sequences: Track-Aware Policy Gradients for Keypoint Detection24 Feb 2026
- 2026Coarse-to-Fine Non-rigid Multi-modal Image Registration for Historical Panel Paintings based on Crack Structures22 Jan 2026
- 2026XRefine: Attention-Guided Keypoint Match Refinement18 Jan 2026
- 2025Deep Learning Reforms Image Matching: A Survey and Outlook5 Jun 2025
- 2025Alligat0R: Pre-Training Through Co-Visibility Segmentation for Relative Camera Pose Regression10 Mar 2025
- 2025EDM: Efficient Deep Feature Matching7 Mar 2025
- 2025RUBIK: A Structured Benchmark for Image Matching across Geometric Challenges27 Feb 2025
- 2024Image Matching Filtering and Refinement by Planes and Beyond14 Nov 2024
12 newest of 13 All 13 (JSON)