FRENETIX: A High-Performance and Modular Motion Planning Framework for Autonomous Driving
On the map: End-to-end autonomous driving → Imitation-learning end-to-end planners
Abstract (arXiv)
Our research introduces a modular motion planning framework for autonomous vehicles using a sampling-based trajectory planning algorithm. This approach effectively tackles the challenges of solution space construction and optimization in path planning. The algorithm is applicable to both real vehicles and simulations, offering a robust solution for complex autonomous navigation. Our method employs a multi-objective optimization strategy for efficient navigation in static and highly dynamic environments, focusing on optimizing trajectory comfort, safety, and path precision. The algorithm is used to analyze the algorithm performance and success rate in 1750 virtual complex urban and highway scenarios. Our results demonstrate fast calculation times (8ms for 800 trajectories), a high success rate in complex scenarios (88%), and easy adaptability with different modules presented. The most noticeable difference exhibited was the fast trajectory sampling, feasibility check, and cost evaluation step across various trajectory counts. We demonstrate the integration and execution of the framework on real vehicles by evaluating deviations from the controller using a test track. This evaluation highlights the algorithm's robustness and reliability, ensuring it meets the stringent requirements of real-world autonomous driving scenarios. The code and the additional modules used in this research are publicly available as open-source software and can be accessed at the following link: https://github.com/TUM-AVS/Frenetix-Motion-Planner.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Imitation-learning end-to-end planners, one of 9 directions in End-to-end autonomous driving. Builds on 11 of its 59 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 2 Feb 2024.
Builds on
11 of 59 references.
References · 11
- 2016End to End Learning for Self-Driving Carscited by 1,000
- 2016A Survey of Motion Planning and Control Techniques for Self-driving Urban Vehiclescited by 251
- 2022Robot Operating System 2: Design, Architecture, and Uses In The Wildcited by 190
- 2020A Survey of End-to-End Driving: Architectures and Training Methodscited by 123
- 2023Motion Planning for Autonomous Driving: The State of the Art and Future Perspectivescited by 112
- 2020Survey of Deep Reinforcement Learning for Motion Planning of Autonomous Vehiclescited by 101
- 2017Learning Sampling Distributions for Robot Motion Planningcited by 79
- 2020Multilayer Graph-Based Trajectory Planning for Race Vehicles in Dynamic Scenarioscited by 14
- 2021A review of mobile robot motion planning methods: from classical motion planning workflows to reinforcement learning-based architecturescited by 11
- 2023EDGAR: An Autonomous Driving Research Platform -- From Feature Development to Real-World Applicationcited by 10
- 2023Integration of Reinforcement Learning Based Behavior Planning With Sampling Based Motion Planning for Automated Drivingcited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 8; 2026: 5.
14 papers.
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- 2025Foundation Models in Autonomous Driving: A Survey on Scenario Generation and Scenario Analysiscited by 37
- 2025From Words to Collisions: LLM-Guided Evaluation and Adversarial Generation of Safety-Critical Driving Scenarioscited by 8
- 2024DualAD: Dual-Layer Planning for Reasoning in Autonomous Drivingcited by 6
- 2026StyleVLA: Driving Style-Aware Vision Language Action Model for Autonomous Drivingcited by 5
- 2025From Shadows to Safety: Occlusion Tracking and Risk Mitigation for Urban Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
- 2025Pedestrian-Aware Motion Planning for Autonomous Driving in Complex Urban Scenarioscited by 2
- 2026EgoDyn-Bench: Evaluating Ego-Motion Understanding in Vision-Centric Foundation Models for Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
- 2025MultiDrive: A Co-Simulation Framework Bridging 2D and 3D Driving Simulation for AV Software Validationcited by 0
- 2025Momentum-constrained Hybrid Heuristic Trajectory Optimization Framework with Residual-enhanced DRL for Visually Impaired Scenarioscited by 0
- 2025Learning to Sample: Reinforcement Learning-Guided Sampling for Autonomous Vehicle Motion Planningcited by 0
- 2025Path Diffuser: Diffusion Model for Data-Driven Traffic Simulatorcited by 0
- 2026Towards Safe Autonomous Driving: A Real-Time Motion Planning Algorithm on Embedded Hardwarecited by 0
- 2026PlannerForge: LLM Agents for Scenario-Based Testing of Motion Planners in Autonomous Driving8 Sep 2026
- 2026EgoDyn-Bench: Evaluating Ego-Motion Understanding in Vision-Centric Foundation Models for Autonomous Driving22 Apr 2026
- 2026StyleVLA: Driving Style-Aware Vision Language Action Model for Autonomous Driving10 Mar 2026
- 2026Declarative Scenario-based Testing with RoadLogic10 Mar 2026
- 2026Towards Safe Autonomous Driving: A Real-Time Motion Planning Algorithm on Embedded Hardware7 Jan 2026
- 2025Path Diffuser: Diffusion Model for Data-Driven Traffic Simulator29 Sep 2025
- 2025Learning to Sample: Reinforcement Learning-Guided Sampling for Autonomous Vehicle Motion Planning29 Sep 2025
- 2025Momentum-constrained Hybrid Heuristic Trajectory Optimization Framework with Residual-enhanced DRL for Visually Impaired Scenarios19 Sep 2025
- 2025Foundation Models in Autonomous Driving: A Survey on Scenario Generation and Scenario Analysis13 Jun 2025
- 2025MultiDrive: A Co-Simulation Framework Bridging 2D and 3D Driving Simulation for AV Software Validation20 May 2025
- 2025Pedestrian-Aware Motion Planning for Autonomous Driving in Complex Urban Scenarios2 Apr 2025
- 2025From Shadows to Safety: Occlusion Tracking and Risk Mitigation for Urban Autonomous Driving2 Apr 2025
- 2025Foundation Models in Autonomous Driving: A Survey on Scenario Generation and Scenario Analysiscited by 37
- 2025From Words to Collisions: LLM-Guided Evaluation and Adversarial Generation of Safety-Critical Driving Scenarioscited by 8
- 2025Pedestrian-Aware Motion Planning for Autonomous Driving in Complex Urban Scenarioscited by 2
- 2025MultiDrive: A Co-Simulation Framework Bridging 2D and 3D Driving Simulation for AV Software Validationcited by 0
- 2025Learning to Sample: Reinforcement Learning-Guided Sampling for Autonomous Vehicle Motion Planningcited by 0
- 2026Towards Safe Autonomous Driving: A Real-Time Motion Planning Algorithm on Embedded Hardwarecited by 0
- 2026PlannerForge: LLM Agents for Scenario-Based Testing of Motion Planners in Autonomous Drivingcited by 0
- 2026PlannerForge: LLM Agents for Scenario-Based Testing of Motion Planners in Autonomous Driving8 Sep 2026
- 2026Towards Safe Autonomous Driving: A Real-Time Motion Planning Algorithm on Embedded Hardware7 Jan 2026
- 2025Learning to Sample: Reinforcement Learning-Guided Sampling for Autonomous Vehicle Motion Planning29 Sep 2025
- 2025Foundation Models in Autonomous Driving: A Survey on Scenario Generation and Scenario Analysis13 Jun 2025
- 2025MultiDrive: A Co-Simulation Framework Bridging 2D and 3D Driving Simulation for AV Software Validation20 May 2025
- 2025Pedestrian-Aware Motion Planning for Autonomous Driving in Complex Urban Scenarios2 Apr 2025
- 2025From Words to Collisions: LLM-Guided Evaluation and Adversarial Generation of Safety-Critical Driving Scenarios4 Feb 2025
- 2025From Shadows to Safety: Occlusion Tracking and Risk Mitigation for Urban Autonomous Drivingcited by 2
- 2025Momentum-constrained Hybrid Heuristic Trajectory Optimization Framework with Residual-enhanced DRL for Visually Impaired Scenarioscited by 0
- 2026Declarative Scenario-based Testing with RoadLogiccited by 0
- 2026Declarative Scenario-based Testing with RoadLogic10 Mar 2026
- 2025Momentum-constrained Hybrid Heuristic Trajectory Optimization Framework with Residual-enhanced DRL for Visually Impaired Scenarios19 Sep 2025
- 2025From Shadows to Safety: Occlusion Tracking and Risk Mitigation for Urban Autonomous Driving2 Apr 2025
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025Frenet Corridor Planner: An Optimal Local Path Planning Framework for Autonomous Driving
- 2022Informed sampling-based trajectory planner for automated driving in dynamic urban environments
- 2024Investigating Driving Interactions: A Robust Multi-Agent Simulation Framework for Autonomous Vehicles
- 2025aUToPath: Unified Planning and Control for Autonomous Vehicles in Urban Environments Using Hybrid Lattice and Free-Space Search
- 2026FeaXDrive: Feasibility-aware Trajectory-Centric Diffusion Planning for End-to-End Autonomous Driving
- 2025V*: An Efficient Motion Planning Algorithm for Autonomous Vehicles
- 2024A Reinforcement Learning-Boosted Motion Planning Framework: Comprehensive Generalization Performance in Autonomous Driving
- 2023End-to-end Autonomous Driving: Challenges and Frontiers