mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Health-LLM: Large Language Models for Health Prediction via Wearable Sensor Data

arXiv 2401.06866 ↗First posted 12 Jan 2024cs.CL cs.AI cs.LGcited by 66

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Abstract (arXiv)

Large language models (LLMs) are capable of many natural language tasks, yet they are far from perfect. In health applications, grounding and interpreting domain-specific and non-linguistic data is crucial. This paper investigates the capacity of LLMs to make inferences about health based on contextual information (e.g. user demographics, health knowledge) and physiological data (e.g. resting heart rate, sleep minutes). We present a comprehensive evaluation of 12 state-of-the-art LLMs with prompting and fine-tuning techniques on four public health datasets (PMData, LifeSnaps, GLOBEM and AW_FB). Our experiments cover 10 consumer health prediction tasks in mental health, activity, metabolic, and sleep assessment. Our fine-tuned model, HealthAlpaca exhibits comparable performance to much larger models (GPT-3.5, GPT-4 and Gemini-Pro), achieving the best performance in 8 out of 10 tasks. Ablation studies highlight the effectiveness of context enhancement strategies. Notably, we observe that our context enhancement can yield up to 23.8% improvement in performance. While constructing contextually rich prompts (combining user context, health knowledge and temporal information) exhibits synergistic improvement, the inclusion of health knowledge context in prompts significantly enhances overall performance.

Key facts. Cited by 66 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 26 of its 51 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 12 Jan 2024.

Builds on

26 of 51 references.

References · 26

  1. 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,380
  2. 2022Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 12,459
  3. 2022Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 5,708
  4. 2020Informer: Beyond Efficient Transformer for Long Sequence Time-Series Forecastingcited by 2,169
  5. 2022Large Language Models Encode Clinical Knowledgecited by 1,830
  6. 2022Challenging BIG-Bench Tasks and Whether Chain-of-Thought Can Solve Themcited by 1,807
  7. 2022FEDformer: Frequency Enhanced Decomposed Transformer for Long-term Series Forecastingcited by 1,210
  8. 2023Capabilities of GPT-4 on Medical Challenge Problemscited by 638
  9. 2023Towards Expert-Level Medical Question Answering with Large Language Modelscited by 384
  10. 2023MedAgents: Large Language Models as Collaborators for Zero-shot Medical Reasoningcited by 316
  11. 2022UL2: Unifying Language Learning Paradigmscited by 295
  12. 2023MedAlpaca -- An Open-Source Collection of Medical Conversational AI Models and Training Datacited by 286
14 more
  1. 2023Understanding Social Reasoning in Language Models with Language Modelscited by 172
  2. 2023A Survey of Large Language Models for Healthcare: from Data, Technology, and Applications to Accountability and Ethicscited by 163
  3. 2023Large Language Models are Few-Shot Health Learnerscited by 118
  4. 2023Towards Accurate Differential Diagnosis with Large Language Modelscited by 116
  5. 2023Clinical Camel: An Open Expert-Level Medical Language Model with Dialogue-Based Knowledge Encodingcited by 71
  6. 2023Publicly Shareable Clinical Large Language Model Built on Synthetic Clinical Notescited by 51
  7. 2023Multimodal LLMs for health grounded in individual-specific datacited by 49
  8. 2023DRG-LLaMA : Tuning LLaMA Model to Predict Diagnosis-related Group for Hospitalized Patientscited by 30
  9. 2022GLOBEM Dataset: Multi-Year Datasets for Longitudinal Human Behavior Modeling Generalizationcited by 28
  10. 2023MindShift: Leveraging Large Language Models for Mental-States-Based Problematic Smartphone Use Interventioncited by 16
  11. 2020BARD: A structured technique for group elicitation of Bayesian networks to support analytic reasoningcited by 14
  12. 2023Enhancing Small Medical Learners with Privacy-preserving Contextual Promptingcited by 11
  13. 2023From Classification to Clinical Insights: Towards Analyzing and Reasoning About Mobile and Behavioral Health Data With Large Language Modelscited by 11
  14. 2021Personalized Stress Monitoring using Wearable Sensors in Everyday Settingscited by 10

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 26; 2025: 24; 2026: 16.

66 papers.

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  1. 2024HARGPT: Are LLMs Zero-Shot Human Activity Recognizers?cited by 54
  2. 2025SensorLM: Learning the Language of Wearable Sensorscited by 49
  3. 2024Position: What Can Large Language Models Tell Us about Time Series Analysiscited by 47
  4. 2024A Comprehensive Survey of Large Language Models and Multimodal Large Language Models in Medicinecited by 45
  5. 2024Reasoning-Enhanced Healthcare Predictions with Knowledge Graph Community Retrievalcited by 45
  6. 2025GEM: Empowering MLLM for Grounded ECG Understanding with Time Series and Imagescited by 39
  7. 2024ALCM: Autonomous LLM-Augmented Causal Discovery Frameworkcited by 29
  8. 2024Towards a Personal Health Large Language Modelcited by 27
  9. 2024Text Serialization and Their Relationship with the Conventional Paradigms of Tabular Machine Learningcited by 17
  10. 2025Epistemic Alignment: A Mediating Framework for User-LLM Knowledge Deliverycited by 14
  11. 2025FedALT: Federated Fine-Tuning through Adaptive Local Training with Rest-of-World LoRAcited by 13
  12. 2025Edge-First Language Model Inference: Models, Metrics, and Tradeoffscited by 13
38 more
  1. 2024LLaSA: A Sensor-Aware LLM for Natural Language Reasoning of Human Activity from IMU Datacited by 11
  2. 2024The Strong Pull of Prior Knowledge in Large Language Models and Its Impact on Emotion Recognitioncited by 10
  3. 2025Dynamic Uncertainty-aware Multimodal Fusion for Outdoor Health Monitoringcited by 10
  4. 2024Digital Diagnostics: The Potential Of Large Language Models In Recognizing Symptoms Of Common Illnessescited by 8
  5. 2025Generative AI in Transportation Planning: A Surveycited by 8
  6. 2025Tiered Agentic Oversight: A Hierarchical Multi-Agent System for Healthcare Safetycited by 8
  7. 2024Enabling On-Device LLMs Personalization with Smartphone Sensingcited by 7
  8. 2024MindGuard: Towards Accessible and Sitgma-free Mental Health First Aid via Edge LLMcited by 7
  9. 2025Time2Lang: Bridging Time-Series Foundation Models and Large Language Models for Health Sensing Beyond Promptingcited by 7
  10. 2024Quantifying Prediction Consistency Under Fine-Tuning Multiplicity in Tabular LLMscited by 6
  11. 2024Efficient and Personalized Mobile Health Event Prediction via Small Language Modelscited by 6
  12. 2025Automated Survey Collection with LLM-based Conversational Agentscited by 6
  13. 2025ProMind-LLM: Proactive Mental Health Care via Causal Reasoning with Sensor Datacited by 6
  14. 2024Vital Insight: Assisting Experts' Context-Driven Sensemaking of Multi-modal Personal Tracking Data Using Visualization and Human-In-The-Loop LLMcited by 5
  15. 2024A Demonstration of Adaptive Collaboration of Large Language Models for Medical Decision-Makingcited by 5
  16. 2025Using LLMs for Late Multimodal Sensor Fusion for Activity Recognitioncited by 5
  17. 2026ComBodied Agents: a New Paradigm of Human-Centric Agentic AIcited by 5
  18. 2024Exploration of LLMs, EEG, and behavioral data to measure and support attention and sleepcited by 4
  19. 2025An LLM-Powered Agent for Physiological Data Analysis: A Case Study on PPG-based Heart Rate Estimationcited by 4
  20. 2024Large Language Models Memorize Sensor Datasets! Implications on Human Activity Recognition Researchcited by 3
  21. 2024Graph-Augmented LLMs for Personalized Health Insights: A Case Study in Sleep Analysiscited by 3
  22. 2024Large Language Models for Cuffless Blood Pressure Measurement From Wearable Biosignalscited by 3
  23. 2024Copiloting Diagnosis of Autism in Real Clinical Scenarios via LLMscited by 3
  24. 2025Large Language models for Time Series Analysis: Techniques, Applications, and Challengescited by 3
  25. 2025HealthSLM-Bench: Benchmarking Small Language Models for Mobile and Wearable Healthcare Monitoringcited by 3
  26. 2026Wearable Foundation Models Should Go Beyond Static Encoderscited by 3
  27. 2024Are You Being Tracked? Discover the Power of Zero-Shot Trajectory Tracing with LLMs!cited by 2
  28. 2024A Short Survey of Human Mobility Prediction in Epidemic Modeling from Transformers to LLMscited by 2
  29. 2025VocalAgent: Large Language Models for Vocal Health Diagnostics with Safety-Aware Evaluationcited by 2
  30. 2025ArtPerception: ASCII Art-based Jailbreak on LLMs with Recognition Pre-testcited by 2
  31. 2026WEQA: Wearable hEalth Question Answering with Query-Adaptive Agentic Reasoningcited by 2
  32. 2025Developing Conversational Speech Systems for Robots to Detect Speech Biomarkers of Cognition in People Living with Dementiacited by 1
  33. 2025RHealthTwin: Towards Responsible and Multimodal Digital Twins for Personalized Well-beingcited by 1
  34. 2025Predicting Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer with Large Language Modelscited by 1
  35. 2025Unveiling the Learning Mind of Language Models: A Cognitive Framework and Empirical Studycited by 1
  36. 2025SePA: A Search-enhanced Predictive Agent for Personalized Health Coachingcited by 1
  37. 2025Large language models surpass domain-specific architectures for antepartum electronic fetal monitoring analysiscited by 1
  38. 2026GLIMPSE : Real-Time Text Recognition and Contextual Understanding for VQA in Wearablescited by 1

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