mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

AfroBench: How Good are Large Language Models on African Languages?

arXiv 2311.07978 ↗First posted 14 Nov 2023cs.CL cs.AI cs.LGcited by 43

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Abstract (arXiv)

Large-scale multilingual evaluations, such as MEGA, often include only a handful of African languages due to the scarcity of high-quality evaluation data and the limited discoverability of existing African datasets. This lack of representation hinders comprehensive LLM evaluation across a diverse range of languages and tasks. To address these challenges, we introduce AfroBench -- a multi-task benchmark for evaluating the performance of LLMs across 64 African languages, 15 tasks and 22 datasets. AfroBench consists of nine natural language understanding datasets, six text generation datasets, six knowledge and question answering tasks, and one mathematical reasoning task. We present results comparing the performance of prompting LLMs to fine-tuned baselines based on BERT and T5-style models. Our results suggest large gaps in performance between high-resource languages, such as English, and African languages across most tasks; but performance also varies based on the availability of monolingual data resources. Our findings confirm that performance on African languages continues to remain a hurdle for current LLMs, underscoring the need for additional efforts to close this gap. https://mcgill-nlp.github.io/AfroBench/

Key facts. Cited by 43 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 27 of its 102 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Nov 2023.

Builds on

27 of 102 references.

References · 27

  1. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
  2. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,712
  3. 2019BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERTcited by 5,462
  4. 2022PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathwayscited by 5,304
  5. 2021Measuring Mathematical Problem Solving With the MATH Datasetcited by 5,203
  6. 2020mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformercited by 1,813
  7. 2022No Language Left Behind: Scaling Human-Centered Machine Translationcited by 1,290
  8. 2020COMET: A Neural Framework for MT Evaluationcited by 1,024
  9. 2020The State and Fate of Linguistic Diversity and Inclusion in the NLP Worldcited by 789
  10. 2021The FLORES-101 Evaluation Benchmark for Low-Resource and Multilingual Machine Translationcited by 556
  11. 2022Language Models are Multilingual Chain-of-Thought Reasonerscited by 518
  12. 2021XL-Sum: Large-Scale Multilingual Abstractive Summarization for 44 Languagescited by 346
15 more
  1. 2023The Belebele Benchmark: a Parallel Reading Comprehension Dataset in 122 Language Variantscited by 300
  2. 2023MEGA: Multilingual Evaluation of Generative AIcited by 291
  3. 2023ChatGPT Beyond English: Towards a Comprehensive Evaluation of Large Language Models in Multilingual Learningcited by 203
  4. 2023MADLAD-400: A Multilingual And Document-Level Large Audited Datasetcited by 180
  5. 2021MasakhaNER: Named Entity Recognition for African Languagescited by 155
  6. 2022Adapting Pre-trained Language Models to African Languages via Multilingual Adaptive Fine-Tuningcited by 149
  7. 2023SIB-200: A Simple, Inclusive, and Big Evaluation Dataset for Topic Classification in 200+ Languages and Dialectscited by 149
  8. 2022A Few Thousand Translations Go a Long Way! Leveraging Pre-trained Models for African News Translationcited by 97
  9. 2023AfriSenti: A Twitter Sentiment Analysis Benchmark for African Languagescited by 68
  10. 2023MEGAVERSE: Benchmarking Large Language Models Across Languages, Modalities, Models and Taskscited by 57
  11. 2023XTREME-UP: A User-Centric Scarce-Data Benchmark for Under-Represented Languagescited by 34
  12. 2023AfriQA: Cross-lingual Open-Retrieval Question Answering for African Languagescited by 23
  13. 2023MasakhaPOS: Part-of-Speech Tagging for Typologically Diverse African Languagescited by 23
  14. 2023NollySenti: Leveraging Transfer Learning and Machine Translation for Nigerian Movie Sentiment Classificationcited by 14
  15. 2023NaijaRC: A Multi-choice Reading Comprehension Dataset for Nigerian Languagescited by 4

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Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2024: 12; 2025: 16; 2026: 15.

43 papers.

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  1. 2024Aya 23: Open Weight Releases to Further Multilingual Progresscited by 121
  2. 2024Aya Expanse: Combining Research Breakthroughs for a New Multilingual Frontiercited by 121
  3. 2024IrokoBench: A New Benchmark for African Languages in the Age of Large Language Modelscited by 43
  4. 2024How Does Quantization Affect Multilingual LLMs?cited by 41
  5. 2025Charting the Landscape of African NLP: Mapping Progress and Shaping the Road Aheadcited by 15
  6. 2024The Impact of Demonstrations on Multilingual In-Context Learning: A Multidimensional Analysiscited by 13
  7. 2026AfriqueLLM: How Data Mixing and Model Architecture Impact Continued Pre-training for African Languagescited by 12
  8. 2024Analyzing and Adapting Large Language Models for Few-Shot Multilingual NLU: Are We There Yet?cited by 11
  9. 2025One Tokenizer To Rule Them All: Emergent Language Plasticity via Multilingual Tokenizerscited by 11
  10. 2024Self-Distillation for Model Stacking Unlocks Cross-Lingual NLU in 200+ Languagescited by 9
  11. 2025BabyBabelLM: A Multilingual Benchmark of Developmentally Plausible Training Datacited by 9
  12. 2025mSTEB: Massively Multilingual Evaluation of LLMs on Speech and Text Taskscited by 7
31 more
  1. 2025The AI Language Proficiency Monitor -- Tracking the Progress of LLMs on Multilingual Benchmarkscited by 7
  2. 2024A Three-Pronged Approach to Cross-Lingual Adaptation with Multilingual LLMscited by 6
  3. 2024A Systematic Review of NLP for Ghanaian Languages: Datasets, Models, and a Research Roadmapcited by 5
  4. 2024Comparing LLM prompting with Cross-lingual transfer performance on Indigenous and Low-resource Brazilian Languagescited by 4
  5. 2025AfroXLMR-Social: Adapting Pre-trained Language Models for African Languages Social Media Textcited by 4
  6. 2025AfriMTEB and AfriE5: Benchmarking and Adapting Text Embedding Models for African Languagescited by 3
  7. 2025MERLIN: Multi-Stage Curriculum Alignment for Multilingual Encoder-LLM Integration in Cross-Lingual Reasoningcited by 2
  8. 2025Standard-to-Dialect Transfer Trends Differ across Text and Speech: A Case Study on Intent and Topic Classification in German Dialectscited by 2
  9. 2026Afri-MCQA: Multimodal Cultural Question Answering for African Languagescited by 2
  10. 2026AfriNLLB: Efficient Translation Models for African Languagescited by 2
  11. 2024Machine Intelligence in Africa: a surveycited by 1
  12. 2025Amplify Initiative: Building A Localized Data Platform for Globalized AIcited by 1
  13. 2025Evaluating LLMs for Career Guidance: Comparative Analysis of Computing Competency Recommendations Across Ten African Countriescited by 1
  14. 2026SAFARI: A Community-Engaged Approach and Dataset of Stereotype Resources in the Sub-Saharan African Contextcited by 1
  15. 2026AFRILANGTUTOR: Advancing Language Tutoring and Culture Education in Low-Resource Languages with Large Language Modelscited by 1
  16. 2026Multilinguality at the Edge: Developing Language Models for the Global Southcited by 1
  17. 2026Challenges and Recommendations for LLM-as-a-Judge in Multilingual Settings and for Low-Resource Languagescited by 1
  18. 2024A Capabilities Approach to Studying Bias and Harm in Language Technologiescited by 0
  19. 2025Using Machine Learning to Detect Fraudulent SMSs in Chichewacited by 0
  20. 2025mRAKL: Multilingual Retrieval-Augmented Knowledge Graph Construction for Low-Resourced Languagescited by 0
  21. 2025LLMs and Agentic AI in Insurance Decision-Making: Opportunities and Challenges For Africacited by 0
  22. 2025The Rise of AfricaNLP: A Survey of Contributions, Contributors, Community Impact, and Bibliometric Analysiscited by 0
  23. 2025Sunflower: A New Approach To Expanding Coverage of African Languages in Large Language Modelscited by 0
  24. 2026AmharicStoryQA: A Multicultural Story Question Answering Benchmark in Amhariccited by 0
  25. 2026LLM-Powered Automatic Translation and Urgency in Crisis Scenarioscited by 0
  26. 2026The Annotation Scarcity Paradox in Low-Resource NLP Evaluation: A Decade of Acceleration and Emerging Constraintscited by 0
  27. 2026DEPART: DEcomposing PARiTy across Multilingual LLMscited by 0
  28. 2026From Script to Semantics: Prompting Strategies for African NLIcited by 0
  29. 2026The African Language Tax: Quantifying the Cost, Latency, and Context Penalty of Tokenizing African Languages in Frontier LLMscited by 0
  30. 2026Language Equality has a Price: A Systematic Investigation of Multi-turn LLM Performance for EU-24+cited by 0
  31. 2026TranslatePsy-AfriSLM: High-Quality Data Scaling For Low-Resource Machine Translationcited by 0

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