OpinionGPT: Modelling Explicit Biases in Instruction-Tuned LLMs
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Abstract (arXiv)
Instruction-tuned Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently showcased remarkable ability to generate fitting responses to natural language instructions. However, an open research question concerns the inherent biases of trained models and their responses. For instance, if the data used to tune an LLM is dominantly written by persons with a specific political bias, we might expect generated answers to share this bias. Current research work seeks to de-bias such models, or suppress potentially biased answers. With this demonstration, we take a different view on biases in instruction-tuning: Rather than aiming to suppress them, we aim to make them explicit and transparent. To this end, we present OpinionGPT, a web demo in which users can ask questions and select all biases they wish to investigate. The demo will answer this question using a model fine-tuned on text representing each of the selected biases, allowing side-by-side comparison. To train the underlying model, we identified 11 different biases (political, geographic, gender, age) and derived an instruction-tuning corpus in which each answer was written by members of one of these demographics. This paper presents OpinionGPT, illustrates how we trained the bias-aware model and showcases the web application (available at https://opiniongpt.informatik.hu-berlin.de).
Key facts. Cited by 29 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 21 of its 32 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 7 Sep 2023.
Builds on
21 of 32 references.
References · 21
- 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
- 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 15,215
- 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,380
- 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 13,028
- 2023Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Modelcited by 8,065
- 2021Finetuned Language Models Are Zero-Shot Learnerscited by 3,780
- 2022Training a Helpful and Harmless Assistant with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedbackcited by 3,720
- 2022Self-Instruct: Aligning Language Models with Self-Generated Instructionscited by 2,724
- 2020StereoSet: Measuring stereotypical bias in pretrained language modelscited by 924
- 2020CrowS-Pairs: A Challenge Dataset for Measuring Social Biases in Masked Language Modelscited by 710
- 2018Gender Bias in Coreference Resolution: Evaluation and Debiasing Methodscited by 659
- 2019The Woman Worked as a Babysitter: On Biases in Language Generationcited by 541
9 more
- 2021BOLD: Dataset and Metrics for Measuring Biases in Open-Ended Language Generationcited by 412
- 2019Bias in Bios: A Case Study of Semantic Representation Bias in a High-Stakes Settingcited by 349
- 2021Self-Diagnosis and Self-Debiasing: A Proposal for Reducing Corpus-Based Bias in NLPcited by 337
- 2022The Alignment Problem from a Deep Learning Perspectivecited by 258
- 2020Towards Debiasing Sentence Representationscited by 171
- 2021Debiasing Pre-trained Contextualised Embeddingscited by 107
- 2022TweetNLP: Cutting-Edge Natural Language Processing for Social Mediacited by 71
- 2023FineDeb: A Debiasing Framework for Language Modelscited by 7
- 2021Pulling Up by the Causal Bootstraps: Causal Data Augmentation for Pre-training Debiasingcited by 6
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Citing papers per year: 2023: 4; 2024: 15; 2025: 5; 2026: 5.
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- 2025Mitigating Biases in Language Models via Bias Unlearning30 Sep 2025
- 2025Language Agents as Digital Representatives in Collective Decision-Making13 Feb 2025
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- 2024The Potential and Challenges of Evaluating Attitudes, Opinions, and Values in Large Language Models16 Jun 2024
- 2024Navigating LLM Ethics: Advancements, Challenges, and Future Directions14 May 2024
- 2024The Generation Gap: Exploring Age Bias in the Value Systems of Large Language Models12 Apr 2024
- 2024Fundus: A Simple-to-Use News Scraper Optimized for High Quality Extractions22 Mar 2024
- 2024Large-Scale Label Interpretation Learning for Few-Shot Named Entity Recognition21 Mar 2024
- 2024Llama meets EU: Investigating the European Political Spectrum through the Lens of LLMs20 Mar 2024
- 2024Are LLMs Rational Investors? A Study on Detecting and Reducing the Financial Bias in LLMs20 Feb 2024
- 2024Language Models are Homer Simpson! Safety Re-Alignment of Fine-tuned Language Models through Task Arithmetic19 Feb 2024
- 2024The Political Preferences of LLMs2 Feb 2024
- 2024SemScore: Automated Evaluation of Instruction-Tuned LLMs based on Semantic Textual Similarity30 Jan 2024
- 2023Analyzing the Inherent Response Tendency of LLMs: Real-World Instructions-Driven Jailbreak7 Dec 2023
- 2023Shadow Alignment: The Ease of Subverting Safely-Aligned Language Models4 Oct 2023
- 2023The Empty Signifier Problem: Towards Clearer Paradigms for Operationalising "Alignment" in Large Language Models3 Oct 2023
- 2023Fabricator: An Open Source Toolkit for Generating Labeled Training Data with Teacher LLMs18 Sep 2023
- 2023Shadow Alignment: The Ease of Subverting Safely-Aligned Language Modelscited by 297
- 2024Language Models are Homer Simpson! Safety Re-Alignment of Fine-tuned Language Models through Task Arithmeticcited by 112
- 2024Safety Arithmetic: A Framework for Test-time Safety Alignment of Language Models by Steering Parameters and Activationscited by 32
- 2024Safety Arithmetic: A Framework for Test-time Safety Alignment of Language Models by Steering Parameters and Activations17 Jun 2024
- 2024Language Models are Homer Simpson! Safety Re-Alignment of Fine-tuned Language Models through Task Arithmetic19 Feb 2024
- 2023Shadow Alignment: The Ease of Subverting Safely-Aligned Language Models4 Oct 2023
- 2024The Political Preferences of LLMscited by 84
- 2024Navigating LLM Ethics: Advancements, Challenges, and Future Directionscited by 28
- 2024SemScore: Automated Evaluation of Instruction-Tuned LLMs based on Semantic Textual Similaritycited by 19
- 2024The Potential and Challenges of Evaluating Attitudes, Opinions, and Values in Large Language Modelscited by 19
- 2024When LLMs Play the Telephone Game: Cultural Attractors as Conceptual Tools to Evaluate LLMs in Multi-turn Settingscited by 17
- 2024Llama meets EU: Investigating the European Political Spectrum through the Lens of LLMscited by 14
- 2023Fabricator: An Open Source Toolkit for Generating Labeled Training Data with Teacher LLMscited by 7
- 2023The Empty Signifier Problem: Towards Clearer Paradigms for Operationalising "Alignment" in Large Language Modelscited by 7
- 2024Are LLMs Rational Investors? A Study on Detecting and Reducing the Financial Bias in LLMscited by 7
- 2024Fundus: A Simple-to-Use News Scraper Optimized for High Quality Extractionscited by 7
- 2024The Generation Gap: Exploring Age Bias in the Value Systems of Large Language Modelscited by 5
- 2025Zhyper: Factorized Hypernetworks for Conditioned LLM Fine-Tuningcited by 5
12 most cited of 21 All 21 (JSON)
- 2026Deep and shallow biases in language models9 Sep 2026
- 2026Cultural Misalignment in Large Language Models: Detection, Measurement, and Mitigation Through Targeted Fine-Tuning3 Sep 2026
- 2026Friend or Foe? Language as an ideological switch in open-weight LLMs under Russian disinformation stress7 Jun 2026
- 2026Beyond Marginal Distributions: A Framework to Evaluate the Representativeness of Demographic-Aligned LLMs22 Jan 2026
- 2026Observations and Remedies for Large Language Model Bias in Self-Consuming Performative Loop8 Jan 2026
- 2025Addressing Longstanding Challenges in Cognitive Science with Language Models31 Oct 2025
- 2025Zhyper: Factorized Hypernetworks for Conditioned LLM Fine-Tuning22 Oct 2025
- 2024SubData: Bridging Heterogeneous Datasets to Enable Theory-Driven Evaluation of Political and Demographic Perspectives in LLMs21 Dec 2024
- 2024LM-PUB-QUIZ: A Comprehensive Framework for Zero-Shot Evaluation of Relational Knowledge in Language Models28 Aug 2024
- 2024When LLMs Play the Telephone Game: Cultural Attractors as Conceptual Tools to Evaluate LLMs in Multi-turn Settings5 Jul 2024
- 2024The Potential and Challenges of Evaluating Attitudes, Opinions, and Values in Large Language Models16 Jun 2024
- 2024Navigating LLM Ethics: Advancements, Challenges, and Future Directions14 May 2024
12 newest of 21 All 21 (JSON)